Techno-economic assessment and operational CO2 emissions of High-Temperature Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (HT-ATES) using demand-driven and subsurface-constrained dimensioning

Dimensionless Thermal Efficiency Analysis for Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

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Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) is a renewable energy technology in which warm or cold water, or both, are stored separately in groundwater aquifers until they are later extracted to be used for indoor heating and cooling purposes respectively (Almeida et al, 2022;Fleuchaus et al, 2018). ATES promotes energy resource sustainability while avoiding environmentally damaging effects of non-renewable technologies such as greenhouse gas emissions and atmospheric and environmental pollution (Daniilidis et al, 2022). Groundwater quality is not adversely affected by ATES systems with small temperature differentials (Possemiers et al, 2014), which make up 99% of ATES systems worldwide (Fleuchaus et al, 2018).

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