Techno-economics of lignocellulose biorefineries at South African sugar mills using the biofine process to co-produce levulinic acid, furfural and electricity along with gamma valeractone

Kapanji, Kutemba K.; Haigh, Kathleen F.; Görgens, Johann F.

doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106008

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In the study, we used two hydrolysis process stages for the maximum conversion process of OPEFB to levulinic acid, furfural, and formic acid. PFR-CSTR reactor configuration was used for the hydrolysis process based on patent US 5.608.105 (BiofineTM Technology) (Kapanji et al, 2021). The final phase was the main product's separation process, levulinic acid with side products, and the distillation column was utilized to get a high purity (>95%).…”

Section: Process Configuration Of Integrated Levulinic Acid Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-economic evaluation of integrated levulinic acid, formic acid, and furfural plant from oil palm empty fruit bunch with pre-treatment variations

Gozan

RAHMAN

Harahap

2022

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Levulinic acid, a platform biochemical, might be utilized as a biodiesel additive in biodiesel production. Global demand for levulinic acids was 3,820 tons in 2020, while the roadmap target of biodiesel in Indonesia will reach 20% of diesel consumption in 2016-2025. These figures become the considerations for establishing the levulinic acid plant in Indonesia. The study's focus analyzed the economic viability of integrated levulinic acid production plant design based on Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) in Indonesia. OPEFB was selected as raw material due to the enormous solid waste generated by oil palm plantations. In the plant design, software SuperPro Designer 9.0's used as a process tool simulator. The economic analysis showed the Net Present Value (NPV) as the US $ 548,850,764, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 24.75%, and a payback period (PBP) estimated within six years with a Minimum Attractive Rate Return (MARR) of 6.1%. The optimal production capacities of levulinic acid, furfural, and formic acid are 12,425; 15,105 and 6,074 tonnes/year.[Keywords: cellulose, delignification, levulinic acid, OPEFB, simulation] AbstrakAsam levulinat, sebuah platform biokimia, dapat digunakan sebagai aditif biodiesel dalam produksi biodiesel. Permintaan global asam levulinat mencapai 3.820 ton pada 2020, sedangkan roadmap target biodiesel di Indonesia mencapai 20% dari konsumsi solar pada 2016-2025. Angka-angka ini menjadi pertimbangan untuk mendirikan pabrik asam levulinat di Indonesia. Fokus penelitian menganalisis kelayakan ekonomi rancangan pabrik produksi asam levulinat terpadu berbasis Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) di Indonesia. TKKS dipilih sebagai bahan baku karena limbah padat yang dihasilkan perkebunan kelapa sawit sangat besar. Dalam perancangan pabrik, software SuperPro Designer 9.0 digunakan sebagai alat simulator proses. Analisis ekonomi menunjukkan Net Present Value (NPV) sebesar US$ 548.850.764, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 24,75%, dan payback period (PBP) diperkirakan dalam enam tahun dengan Minimum Attractive Rate Return (MARR) 6,1%. Kapasitas produksi optimal asam levulinat, furfural dan asam format masing-masing adalah 12.425; 15.105 dan 6.074 ton/tahun.[Kata kunci: selulosa, delignifikasi, asam levulinat, TKKS, simulasi]

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Section: Process Configuration Of Integrated Levulinic Acid Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-economic evaluation of integrated levulinic acid, formic acid, and furfural plant from oil palm empty fruit bunch with pre-treatment variations

Gozan

RAHMAN

Harahap

2022

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“…Biomass precursors of GVL are levulinic acid or levulinic ester (Antonetti et al 2016;Kapanji et al 2021;Putro et al 2015;Rivas et al 2018). Levulinic acid/ester production from biomass involves several stages (Covinich et al 2020).…”

Section: Gamma-valerolactone From Biomassmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the obtaining of biomass-derived gamma-valerolactone from levulinic acid or esters without H2 supply

González

Área

2021

BioRes

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Gamma-valerolactone (GVL) is a highly reactive keto-lactone and a promising platform biomolecule, used as an additive for food and fuels, green solvent, and fuels precursor, among others. Its production from biomass usually involves hydrogenation and subsequent cyclization of levulinic acid or its esters. The process of conventional hydrogenation requires high pressures and temperatures, an external hydrogen source, and scarce noble/precious materials as catalysts. However, it could be produced under mild conditions, using bifunctional metal-acid catalysts with high metal dispersion and meso or microporosity, high surface area, temperatures lower than 200 °C, pressures ≤ 1MPa, and secondary alcohols (such as isopropanol) as hydrogen donors. The catalytic transfer hydrogenation followed by cyclization (CTHC) of levulinic acid (LA) and its esters (LE) to produce GVL using secondary alcohols as H donor is a great alternative. Variables involved in CTHC such as raw material, time, temperature, and type of catalyst, mainly transition metals and their combinations, are reviewed in this work.

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“…From the cellulose or hemicellulose valorization, it is possible to develop several platform molecules such as 1,4-diacid, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF), 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (2,5-FDCA), aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glucaric acid, itaconic acid, sorbitol, acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE process), or levulinic acid. − Some of them are already at the industrial scale, such as levulinic acid one. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14−16 Some of them are already at the industrial scale, such as levulinic acid one. 17,18 Levulinic acid can be the starting materials for several chemicals (solvents, materials, or fuels) like γ-valerolactone, 19−21 succinic acid, 22−24 2-methylene γ-valerolactone, 25 or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF). 26−28 The classical production of levulinic acid (LA) is from the hydrolysis of cellulose using homogeneous catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Study and Model Assessment for n-Butyl Levulinate Production from Alcoholysis of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural over Amberlite IR-120

Bucchianico

Cipolla

Buvat

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Alkyl levulinates such as n-butyl levulinate (BL) can play an important role in the fuel sector. Classically, BL is produced from the esterification of levulinic acid, but the butanolysis (or alcoholysis) of sugars requires less stages. The industrialization of this process requires the development of process flow diagrams and thus the knowledge of reaction kinetics and thermodynamics. To the best of our knowledge, there are no kinetic models for the production of BL from sugar butanolysis over heterogeneous catalysts. The kinetics of sugar monomer butanolysis is complex over heterogeneous catalysts due to several side reactions, for example, esterification and humin productions. Hence, developing a kinetic model strategy is vital by primarily focusing on the butanolysis of 5-HMF over Amberlite IR-120. The butanolysis of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (5-HMF) is the crucial step for the production of BL. The effects of temperature, catalyst, and 5-HMF loadings and catalyst deactivation on the kinetics of the different species were investigated. Then, different kinetic models were developed and tested by cross-validation. Special attention was given to vary widely the reaction temperature, catalyst, and 5-HMF loadings. To increase the accuracy of the estimation stage, independent experiments of levulinic and formic acid esterification, side products of 5-HMF dehydration, were included. It was found that the developed model with more reaction steps and by considering the reaction of humin production from 5-HMF as first order was the most reliable model.

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Techno-economics of lignocellulose biorefineries at South African sugar mills using the biofine process to co-produce levulinic acid, furfural and electricity along with gamma valeractone

Cited by 28 publications

References 17 publications

Techno-economic evaluation of integrated levulinic acid, formic acid, and furfural plant from oil palm empty fruit bunch with pre-treatment variations

Techno-economic evaluation of integrated levulinic acid, formic acid, and furfural plant from oil palm empty fruit bunch with pre-treatment variations

An overview of the obtaining of biomass-derived gamma-valerolactone from levulinic acid or esters without H2 supply

Kinetic Study and Model Assessment for n-Butyl Levulinate Production from Alcoholysis of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural over Amberlite IR-120

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