“…With regard to TOU pricing schemes in particular, several studies now exist on TOU pricing in retail electricity markets focusing mainly on how consumers respond to TOU tariffs (e.g., [58,59]), the structural design of TOU schemes (e.g., [60,61]), effects of TOU rates (e.g., [62]), and how TOU pricing models interact with distributed power resources (e.g., [63,64]). However, the impacts of growth in variable renewable energy expansion on the TOU price formation process in the presence of consumer demand response has not been studied.…”