“…In keeping with the earlier pattern, there have been empirical studies showing an urban‐rural gap in the patterns of broadband deployment (Gillet & Lehr, 1999; Grubesic & Murray, 2002; National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 2000; Strover, Oden, & Inagaki, 2001). These studies have been accompanied by others that examine different factors such as demand (Hollifield & Donnermeyer, 2003), costs (Glass, Chang, & Petukhova, 2003), competition (Grubesic & Murray, 2004), technological development (Glass, Talluto, & Babb, 2003), and the effectiveness of current policies that have an impact on broadband deployment (Gabel & Kwan, 2000; Grubesic, 2003; Strover, 2003). Other studies have proposed strategies for broadband deployment that include varied solutions for different locales (Parker, 2000), community networks (Matear, 2002; Rowe, 2003; Skerratt & Warren, 2003), and demand aggregation (Hollifield & Donnermeyer, 2003; Leatherman, 2000; Parker, 2000).…”