Technological innovation in GRIs, universities, and the private sector: evidence from the chemical technology network in South Korea

Analyzing Knowledge Networks in Sustainability: Towards Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

“…1. This approach is based on studies by Choe et al ( 2016), Kim and Lee (2023), and Kim (2023), which demonstrate that cluster and topological analyses can be used to discover key topics. The links between keywords created through keyword cooccurrence network, cluster, and topological analyses were examined comprehensively.…”

“…Conversion to a One-Mode Network: The two-mode network (paper and keyword) was converted to a one-mode network (keyword and keyword) and applied to the similarity measure. A similarity measure calculates the similarity of each document by analyzing the frequency of keywords in each document [30,12]. Representative similarity indices include the Jaccard coe cient, cosine similarity, inner product, and Euclidean distance [12,13].…”

“…The inner product is de ned as the number of times two keywords appear; the value increases when there are several documents where the two keywords appear simultaneously or when they appear many times in the same document [12]. The inner product of the two non-zero vectors, and , is calculated as follows [30]:…”

“…Cluster analysis is an optimal method for reducing structural complexity and identifying closely connected nodes [30,24]. It helps identify large patterns, simplify complex links, and provide a clearer picture of the inter-relationships among nodes [12,22].…”