Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in oil and gas production: A silent killer

Nabhani, Khalid Al; Khan, Faisal; Yang, Ming

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2015.09.014

Cited by 45 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…70 Understanding how NORM's activity concentration is enhanced by processes associated with the recovery of oil and gas to create TENORM is critical in risk assessment strategies, which much of the current literature fails to address. 71 States should consider all radionuclides present in waste streams. The chemical and physical forms of radionuclides in TENORM can greatly influence their environmental mobility and biologic availability; thus, such factors as bioavailability, leachability, and radon-emanation rates must be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Variance in State Protection from Exposure to NORM and TENORM Wastes Generated During Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

Geltman

LeClair

2018

New Solut

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Radioactive materials for the medical, technological, and industrial sectors have been effectively regulated in the United States since as early as 1962. The steady increase in the exploration and production of shale gas in recent years has led to concerns about exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) and Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) in oil and gas waste streams. This study applied policy surveillance methods to conduct a cross-sectional fifty-state survey of law and regulations of NORM and TENORM waste from oil and gas operations. Results indicated that seventeen states drafted express regulations to reduce exposure to oil and gas NORM and TENORM waste. States with active oil and gas drilling that lack regulations controlling exposure to NORM and TENORM may leave the public and workers susceptible to adverse health effects from radiation. The study concludes with recommendations in regard to regulating oil and gas NORM and TENORM waste.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…70 Understanding how NORM’s activity concentration is enhanced by processes associated with the recovery of oil and gas to create TENORM is critical in risk assessment strategies, which much of the current literature fails to address. 71…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variance in State Protection from Exposure to NORM and TENORM Wastes Generated During Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

Geltman

LeClair

2018

New Solut

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For this reason, many terms that symbolize these activities and processes have evolved over time. K. Al Nabhani et al 19 have dened some terms used by many researchers, which include: NOR [48][49][50] is the abbreviation for the description of Naturally Occurring Radionuclides, which is explained by its concentration on radioactive elements and not on the materials in which radionuclides are stored. HINAR 51,52 is the abbreviation for the denition of High Natural Radioactivity, which is interpreted by a focus on areas affected by high natural radioactivity.…”

Section: Evolution Of the Term Tenormsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…270 This technology is designed to manage TENORM waste and ultimately turn it into renewable fuel and energy. 19,271 This system also revealed that there is a strong correlation between the radioactive materials and presence of hydrocarbons, which identied knowledge and technical gaps related to TENORM in oil and gas production, and also rethink the interpretation of the theory of oil and gas formation based on logical scientic explanations. 272 This system provides an analysis of risk assessment methods commonly used in the oil and gas industry and TENORM waste disposal options.…”

Section: Internal Exposure (Contamination)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High concentrations of background radiation in crude oil were reported for the rst time by Hempstead and Burton between 1920 and 1930; also the term has been reported by Russian and German researchers. [18][19][20][21][22] Preliminary assessments of occupational radiation exposure were recorded in the oil and gas industries a few decades ago, when Kolb and Wojcik discovered TENORMs in petroleum in 1985. 3,22,23 They measured the dose rate at many oil eld sites in northern Albania and determined the values of concentrations of these radionuclides: 228 Ra, 226 Ra and 222 Rn 3,20-23 the rst official survey from the point of view of radiation protection was conducted in 1970s and early 1980s, when the TENORMs were detected in the North Sea Oil Platforms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Concentrations of TENORMs in the petroleum industry and their environmental and health effects

Ali

Zhao

et al. 2019

RSC Adv.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Characterization of NORM‐type scales from the oil industry through spectrometry techniques and multivariate analysis

Izidório,

Santos,

Gama Filho

et al. 2023

X-Ray Spectrometry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The oil industries have as main problem in their activities of formation of scales containing material of the naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM) type on the internal walls of pipes and in some equipment that make up the process lines plant. This NORM can contribute to the exposure of workers during routine activities, either through external exposure, or internal, through inhalation or ingestion. Considering the concern with occupational exposure, environmental impacts and the plant's production capacity, resulting from the formation of the scales, this work characterized samples of scale by means of techniques of x‐ray fluorescence (XRF), x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and high‐resolution gamma spectrometry. The XRF showed concentrations of P, S, Cl, Ca, Mn, Fe, Sr, and Ba as the main elements of the sample; the XRD showed calcite and barite as predominant composition; in the gamma analysis, the concentrations of the activities varied from 104.6 to 1112.6 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra and from 16.4 to 385.2 Bq kg−1 for 228Ra, within the limits set by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The indices radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rate and annual effective dose indices varied from 128.4 to 1665.9 Bq kg1; 58.4 to 748.0 nGy h−1 and 0.072 to 0.918 mSv y−1, respectively. Only the effective dose values were within the limits established by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, reinforcing the need for continuous monitoring on the platforms and the importance of keeping the radiological protection plan up to date, since the mobilization of NORM increases proportionally with the useful life of the production wells, thus increasing exposure indices.

show abstract

Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in oil and gas production: A silent killer

Cited by 45 publications

References 28 publications

Variance in State Protection from Exposure to NORM and TENORM Wastes Generated During Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

Variance in State Protection from Exposure to NORM and TENORM Wastes Generated During Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go

Concentrations of TENORMs in the petroleum industry and their environmental and health effects

Characterization of NORM‐type scales from the oil industry through spectrometry techniques and multivariate analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About