Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium ion batteries: a review

Bae, Hyuntae; Kim, Young‐Sik

doi:10.1039/d1ma00216c

Cited by 237 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…In the pyrometallurgical procedure, Co, Cu, and Ni alloys in the metallic or sulfidic phase, Al, Mn, and Li slag in oxidic phase, and flying ash can be produced. In the hydrometallurgical process, Co, Li, Mn, Ni, and graphite can be recovered [10,98].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology

2022

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During recent years, emissions reduction has been tightened worldwide. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) that can meet emission requirements. The growing number of new EVs increases the consumption of raw materials during production. Simultaneously, the number of used EVs and subsequently retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that need to be disposed of is also increasing. According to the current approaches, the recycling process technology appears to be one of the most promising solutions for the End-of-Life (EOL) LIBs—recycling and reusing of waste materials would reduce raw materials production and environmental burden. According to this performed literature review, 263 publications about “Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles” were classified into five sections: Recycling Processes, Battery Composition, Environmental Impact, Economic Evaluation, and Recycling & Rest. The whole work reviews the current-state of publications dedicated to recycling LIBs from EVs in the techno-environmental-economic summary. This paper covers the first part of the review work; it is devoted to the recycling technology processes and points out the main study fields in recycling that were found during this work.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficiency of those processes is around 76-98.2%, the purity is set between 96.5-99.7%. When recycling anode materials by leaching, the overall efficiency was almost 100% with the resulting purity of the obtained products around 99.9% [17,38,98,99].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology

2022

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“…Lityum içerikli bataryalar, hafif olmasıyla ön plana çıkmaktadır (Gül, vd., 2012). Li-iyon bataryalar, ilk olarak 1991 yılında Sony tarafından ticarileştirilmiştir (Bae and Kim, 2021). Günümüzde taşınabilir elektronik cihazlarda (cep telefonları, dizüstü bilgisayarlar ve tabletler), elektrikli araçlarda ve tıbbi cihazlardaki özellikle yüksek çevrim sayısı nedeniyle yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır (Chan, et al, 2008) (Kumar, et al, 2019).…”

Section: Lityum-i̇yon (Li-iyon) Bataryalarunclassified

Geçmişten Günümüze Batarya Teknolojisi

Efe¹,

GÜNGÖR²

2022

European Journal of Science and Technology

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Özİnsanoğlunun yaşamını idame edebilmesi için enerjiye olan bağımlılığı, her geçen gün artan enerji talebini oluşturmuş ve bunun sonucu olarak da dünya üzerinde en çok araştırma yapılan konuların başına enerjiyi taşımıştır. Günümüzde gelişen elektronik ve nano teknolojisinin ürünleri olan robotik, bilgisayar, cep telefonu, elektrikli araçlar, uzay sistemleri gibi teknolojik sistemler; yüksek enerji potansiyeline sahip, hafif, kolay ulaşılabilir, ucuz ve güvenilir enerji kaynağına ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Hareketli ve taşınabilir olan bu sistemlerde ihtiyaç duyulan enerjinin sürekliliği ve çevreyle dost olması kadar depolana bilirliği de önemli bir husustur. Günümüze kadar yürütülen enerji depolama çalışmalarında, depolanacak enerjinin çeşidine bağlı olarak; ısıl enerjiyi, elektrik enerjisini, mekanik enerjiyi ve kimyasal enerjiyi depolama şeklinde birçok farklı metot denenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, teknolojik sistemlerde kullanımı yaygın bir şekilde tercih edilen, enerjinin kimyasal olarak depolandığı batarya teknolojisi ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada geçmişten günümüze kadar batarya çeşitleri, çalışma prensipleri, avantajları, dezavantajları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir.

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“…and minerals (spodumene, lepidolite and petalite) [6]. Spent LIBs can also be considered as secondary lithium resources because of the extensive use in the last decades, although exploitation remains very limited [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hoshino and Terai [45] synthesized organic membranes impregnated with ionic liquid (N-methyl-N-propylpiperidium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide: PP13-TFSI) for Li isotopes separation ( 6 Li and 7 Li). This membrane was later used by Hoshino [34] for the recovery of Li + from seawater by the ED process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium-Sodium Separation by a Lithium Composite Membrane Used in Electrodialysis Process: Concept Validation

et al. 2022

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The recent expansion of global Lithium Ion Battery (LIBs) production has generated a significant stress on the lithium demand. One of the means to produce this element is its extraction from different aqueous sources (salars, geothermal water etc.). However, the presence of other mono- and divalent cations makes this extraction relatively complex. Herein, we propose lithium-sodium separation by an electrodialysis (ED) process using a Lithium Composite Membrane (LCM), whose effectiveness was previously demonstrated by a Diffusion Dialysis process (previous work). LCM performances in terms of lithium Recovery Ratio (RR(Li+)) and Selectivity (S(Li/Na)) were investigated using different Li+/Na+ reconstituted solutions and two ED cells: a two-compartment cell was chosen for its simplicity, and a four-compartment one was selected for its potential to isolate the redox reactions at the electrodes. We demonstrated that the four-compartment cell use was advantageous since it provided membrane protection from protons and gases generated by the electrodes but that membrane selectivity was negatively affected. The impact of the applied current density and the concentration ratio of Na+ and Li+ in the feed compartment ([Na+]F/[Li+]F) were tested using the four-compartment cell. We showed that increasing the current density led to an improvement of RR(Li+) but to a reduction in the LCM selectivity towards Li+. Increasing the [Na+]F/[Li+]F ratios to 10 had a positive effect on the membrane performance. However, for high values of this ratio, both RR(Li+) and S(Li/Na) decreased. The optimal results were obtained at [Na+]F/[Li+]F near 10, where we succeeded in extracting more than 10% of the initial Li+ concentration with a selectivity value around 112 after 4 h of ED experiment at 0.5 mA·cm−2. Thus, we can objectively estimate that the concept of this selective extraction of Li+ from a mixture even when concentrated in Na+ using an ED process was validated.

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Technologies of lithium recycling from waste lithium ion batteries: a review

Abstract: The consumption of lithium-based materials has more than doubled in eight years due to the recent surge in demand for lithium applications as lithium ion batteries. The lithium-ion battery market...

Cited by 237 publications

References 87 publications

Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology

Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology

Geçmişten Günümüze Batarya Teknolojisi

Lithium-Sodium Separation by a Lithium Composite Membrane Used in Electrodialysis Process: Concept Validation

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