Technology and evolution: a root and branch view of Asian iron from first-millenniumbcSri Lanka to Japanese steel

Abstract

Evidence for a previously unrecognized pan-Asian metallurgical tradition of linear configuration iron-smelting furnaces is reviewed. The foundation of this technological lineage lies in an evolutionary series of excavated furnaces in Sri Lanka dating from the fourth century BC to the eleventh century AD. Further archaeological, ethnographic and documentary evidence from Burma, Cambodia, Sarawak and Japan demonstrates the spread of linear furnace technology and its association with the production of high-carbon steels, often associated with weapons manufacture. An evolutionary approach is used to argue that a process of memetic inheritance explains a major divergence in Eastern and Western metallurgical development and furnace design.

Technology, ideology and environment. The social dynamics of iron metallurgy in Great Zimbabwe, AD 900 to the present

“…In particular, we still know very little regarding the chronology, distribution and circumstances leading to the use of a rectangular furnace design similar to that excavated at Mutevedzi. All historic rectilinear furnace designs are widely reported in southeast Asia (G Juleff, 2009;G. Juleff, 1996;Tabor et al, 2005), which raises questions regarding possible cross-borrowing of technological ideas in trade and social interactions between Great Zimbabwe and other parts of the distant world.…”

Forging empire: Angkorian iron smelting, community and ritual practice at Tonle Bak

“…Further excavation at sites across Southeast Asia is needed to assess how these types of furnace were powered (e.g. natural updraft vs forced air) (see discussion in Juleff 2009). An additional aspect that distinguishes Cambodian technological systems is the repeated construction of furnaces at the same site, which resulted in vast mounds of metallurgical debris particularly during the Angkorian period.…”

Welding by Hot Forging of Two Carbon Steels for the Manufacture of Spanish and Japanese Weapons

“…Here the hardening has certain variations for both steels, related to the Final grooming is a fundamental step in the manufacture of these knives; it gives them the final appearance and shape. In Japan, the grooming master is the most valued [12][13][14][15].…”