Technology-based and supervised exercise interventions for individuals with type 2 diabetes: Randomized controlled trial

Which behaviour change techniques work best for diabetes self-management mobile apps? Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

“… 68 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of Behaviour Change, 85 which presents behaviour change through stages describing the individual's status along a continuum from pre-contemplation to action and maintenance, was instead applied by four studies. 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 As for other factors adopted during the development process, 21 studies (36.8%) incorporated the inputs of relevant stakeholders, primarily patients and healthcare professionals, into a user-centred design process based on iterative methods such as usability testing procedures, thereby leading to the final version of the app adopted during the trial.…”

Cost Analysis of Mobile Technology and Supervised Exercise Training in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Figure 1 shows the randomization, assessments, and follow-ups of the study participants. In summary, a total of 90 individuals were stratified randomized by age and sex, 1:1 to one of the three groups: supervised exercise, smartphone apps, or smartwatch groups (17). The intervention period was for 3-month with a follow-up at 3-month.…”

“…Supervised Exercise Training Group (Supervised Exercise): The control group had a physiotherapist-supervised exercise program for 3 sessions per week for a total of 36 sessions during the 3-month intervention period (17). The duration of each exercise session lasted around 60 minutes including a warm-up, aerobic exercises, resistance exercises, exercises of balance and flexibility and a cool down.…”

“…(a) Smartphone Apps Supported Exercise Training Group (Smartphone Apps): The participants in this group had smartphone apps installed on their personal cell phones (17). The app was programmed by a physiotherapist to create a personalized exercise program including strengthening, walking, balance, stretching, aerobic exercises, and relaxation.…”

“…Laboratory and physical tests showed similar results in all groups. The clinical results of our study are presented in our published article (17). Table 1 shows participants characteristics at baseline.…”