Technology Transfer in Agriculture: The Mexican Experience

Abstract

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Mexican primary sector needs a repositioning to meet the challenges associated with society's demands in the new millennium. Understanding the past is paramount to learn from mistakes and adapting more swiftly to upcoming demands. <strong>Objective:</strong> This review aimed to describe a historical overview of economic developmental models and technology transfer strategies to modernize Mexico's primary sector. Additional information on economic development and technology transfer policies from other Latin American countries provides a contextual perspective. <strong>Results:</strong> Mexican economic models as early as the XIX century provide the importance of technology transfer to the primary sector. However, they did not support scientific research as a source of innovation. From the 1950s onward, the need for scientific research to generate innovation and adaptation of new foreign technologies becomes evident in technology transfer schemes. Similar scenarios are found in several other Latin American countries. <strong>Implications: </strong>as a reaction to this need for innovation, Institutes of scientific research and extension were created in a global economic scenario dictated by the neoliberal economic model. Despite such progress, research and extension institutions have met with continued pressure from economic and political sources. Therefore, Mexican research and extension institutions need more financial support and long-term goals for improved outcomes. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>technology transfer strategies in Mexico have historically adapted to shifts in economic developmental models. There is a need for investing in scientific innovation, enhancing such investments with focused long-term goals. All these might meet the rapidly changing demands posed by the new millennium.</p>

Substitution of Water Hyacinth Flour (Eichhornia crassipes) in Feed on The Growth Performance of Bileh Fish (Rasbora sp.)

“…This can harm the nutrient digestibility of Feed by fish. This follows the research of Sotolu and Sule [26], which states that adding Eichhornia crassipes in catfish feed can reduce fish protein retention. Doses of E. crassipes leaf flour that are too high in the feed can cause an increase in anti-nutritive substances, making it difficult for fish to digest the nutrients in the feed.…”

Effect of a Combination of Water Clover (Marsilea Crenata) Ethanol Extract and Moringa Leaf (Moringa oleifera) Ethanol Extract on Follicle and Oocyte Diameter of Goat: In Vitro Study

“…Follicles will form antrum, and then the follicle's diameter can increase. Furthermore, 17β-estradiol could promote the growth and differentiation of granulosa cells, either naturally occurring or produced through steroidogenesis [21]. There are two granulosa cells: mural granulosa cells (synthesize sex steroid hormones) and cumulus cells (enclose the oocyte and support oocyte maturation).…”

“…Thus, phytoestrogen binds to estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) with lower binding activity in the cytoplasm or nucleus through genomic and nongenomic actions [24]. This estrogenic complex has a role as a transcription factor [20,21,22], which triggers rapid cellular responses, including PI3K/AKT, PKC, and MAPK/ERK, cAMP/PKA, which then enhances transcriptional activity [25].…”

“…According to Rosales-Tores [21], estrogenic action enhances the granulosa cell's response to FSH. Due to the expression of numerous genes involved in folliculogenesis, this condition promotes enhanced proliferation and differentiation activity.…”

Cambios tecnológicos en agroecosistemas cafetaleros tradicionales de Veracruz, México

“…Un concepto que resulta útil en la generación de información valiosa que permite el reconocimiento de necesidades en las diferentes etapas de producción y agro transformación del café (Benítez-García et al, 2015;Contreras-Medina et al, 2019). Aunado al concepto de nivel tecnológico, se usó el de innovación tecnológica, el cual, no solo está referido a tecnologías que los productores toman del contexto (exotecnologías), sino también, a aquellas que han sido generadas por los mismos productores como resultado de procesos de experimentación y adaptación tecnológica (endotecnologías) (Pomachagua y Rojas, 2019;Rosales-Martínez y Casanova-Pérez, 2021).…”