Tectonic Processes and their Impact on the Recording of Relative Sea-level Changes

Berryman, Kelvin

doi:10.1007/978-94-015-1146-9_5

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The sea-level curve at Rarotonga is consistent with the model predictions, and the sea level during the past 4 kyr is nearly the same as the present value (Yonekura et al 1984;Woodroffe et al 1990Woodroffe et al , 1991. Evidence of late Holocene emergence has not been found on Aitutaki or Rarotonga either, where the sea level reached its present level about 3 kyr BP (Berryman 1987). Observations at Mangaia (Yonekura et al 1988), however, show a sea-level high-stand of about 1.0-1.7 m at 4 -5 kyr BP (see Fig.…”

Section: 'supporting

confidence: 79%

“…Schofield (1970) reported two radiocarbon ages from this limestone, of 28200 and >43400yr BP. These ages are approaching the limit of radiocarbon dating, and it has been suggested that the limestone is most likely to be of LIG age (Berryman 1987). Observed data for these islands are shown in Fig.…”

Section: 'mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Time-dependent crustal movement during the past 150 kyr will not be expected, for example, if the Maxwell relaxation time for viscoelastic lithosphere is significantly shorter or longer than the loading period of about 1.5 Myr for Rarotonga. We next summarize the Holocene and late Pleistocene sea-level observations of these islands, particularly for Mangaia and Rarotonga, because detailed sea-level observations have recently been made for these islands (Yonekura et al 1984(Yonekura et al , 1988Stoddard, Spencer & Scoffin 1985;Berryman 1987;Spencer, Stoddard & Woodroffe 1987;Woodroffe et a!. 1990Woodroffe et a!.…”

Section: 'mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands

Nakada

1996

Geophysical Journal International

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Late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands such as Rarotonga and Mangaia provide information on the time-dependent crustal movement due to viscoelastic arching in response to loading by the Pleistocene volcanic island of Rarotonga. The lithospheric responses to both external and internal loads have been investigated to estimate the viscosity of the lower part of the lithosphere and to examine the initial stage of swell formation. Detailed observations of sea-level variations for the past 125 kyr indicate that the crustal uplift for Mangaia is greater than 10 m, while Rarotonga was apparently stable for this period. The following geophysical implications for the lithospheric rheology and loading model are derived from these observations. The observed differential crustal movement implies that the viscous relaxation associated with this volcanic loading is still proceeding in the lithosphere. The layer supporting stresses has therefore been migrating with time from weaker lower zones into the stronger upper zones for a lithosphere with a depth-dependent viscosity structure. This fact provides an important constraint on the viscosity of the lower part of lithosphere. The observation that Rarotonga has been apparently stable for this period is indicative of a local buoyant internal load in the upper mantle. This load may be related to small-scale and secondary convection in the asthenosphere. Surface uplift due to an internal load is therefore required to cancel the subsidence by volcanic loading. This problem has been examined for two simplified background density models. One is a model in which the density of the lithosphere is equal to that of the asthenosphere. For this model, very large mass anomalies which are 10 times larger than the external load are required beneath the lithosphere in order to explain the observed differential crustal movement of the islands. For an earth model for which the density of the lithosphere is greater than that of the asthenosphere, which is possible for mature oceanic lithosphere, the observed differential crustal movement is explained for an internal-load model with density anomalies of less than 20 kg m-j. The volume of the internal load is at most twice the volume of the external load. A high-viscosity layer with an effective viscosity of Pa s and with a thickness of greater than 60 km is required beneath the top elastic layer with a thickness of 10-15 km. The thickness of thermal lithosphere estimated by the plate age of this region is approximately 80-90 km, regardless of the age-thickness relationship adopted. It is therefore suggested that the major part of the thermal lithosphere is composed of a viscoelastic layer with an effective viscosity of

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Section: 'supporting

confidence: 79%

Section: 'mentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: 'mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands

Nakada

1996

Geophysical Journal International

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“…Compared with the faster average uplift calculated for the trajectory 101 ka till the present and the faster uplift for the trajectory of 67 ka until the present, this is a clear example of the episodic character of tectonic movements, as e.g. discussed for the Quaternary by TJIA et al (1974), TJIA (1981), BLOOM & YONEKURA (1985) and BERRYMAN (1987).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Quaternary reef record of differential uplift at Luwuk, Sulawesi East Arm, Indonesia

Sumosusastro¹,

Tjia

Fortuin

et al. 1989

Netherlands Journal of Sea Research

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The coastal morphology of Luwuk (Sulawesi) is dominated by raised coral reef terraces, reaching elevations of over 400 m. A lower group of 6 to 10 terraces reach maximum heights varylng between 30 and 100 m. A middle group, elevated up to 250 m, forms an 18 ° to 22 ° seaward sloping surface that is bordered by coast-parallel faults. The upper group of terraces is more than 400 m above sea level. Four reef terraces at 410, 62, 19 and 6.6 m above high tide have U/Th ages ranging from 350 ka to 67 ka and, except for the oldest terrace, can be correlated with several stages of interglacial reef growth at Huon Peninsula, New Guinea. Using the sea level curve established for the Huon reefs, uplift rates for the Luwuk area can be calculated. The highest terrace has risen at an average rate of 184 cm.ka-1. The 3 dated terraces of the lower group also indicate net uplift, but at a much lower rate, which is partially due to subsidence at 53 cm.ka -I between 101 ka and 67 ka. Intermittent subsidence could be due to isostatic compensation and/or drag by the downthrown parts during periods of crustal relaxation in the fault zone.

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“…Because it occurred during the last deglacial sea level rise (Figure 9b and Table 1), these regressive terraces most likely evidence a sudden fall of relative sea level primarily caused by rapid tectonic uplift that, in addition, prevents their destruction by reoccupation (Figure 10). Indeed, historic reports of sudden uplift of strandlines during large earthquakes suggest that older strandlines may have been raised coseismically during recurrent earthquakes [ Plafker , 1969; Thatcher , 1984; Lajoie , 1986; Berryman , 1987; Nelson and Manley , 1992; Ortlieb et al , 1996; Chappell et al , 1996; Peltzer et al , 1996; Reilinger , 2000; Lagabrielle et al , 2003; Ota and Yamaguchib , 2004; Taylor et al , 2005]. We surveyed these features using two TRIMBLE 4600 LS receivers.…”

Section: Onshore Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Tectonic record of strain buildup and abrupt coseismic stress release across the northwestern Peru coastal plain, shelf, and continental slope during the past 200 kyr

Bourgois

Bigot-Cormier²,

Bourlès

et al. 2007

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] This paper presents a combined analysis of geological and geophysical data collected both onshore and offshore along the northwestern Peru forearc area (3°30 0 -7°30 0 S), from the coastal plain to the trench axis. Onshore, geomorphic analysis places constraints on the relative importance of eustatic versus tectonic factors in preserving and modifying the uplifted coastal landforms along the coastal plain. Breaking-wave morphologic markers were dated using the in situ produced 10 Be cosmonuclide. The data document a tectonic segmentation, allowing us to differentiate two areas with regard to their evolution through time: the northern Cabo Blanco and the southern Paita-Illesca segments. For the past 200 kyr, both segments uplifted at high rates of 10 to 20 mm yr À1 through tectonic pulses coeval with the eustatic deglacial sea level rises of isotope stage 1 and warm isotope substage 5e, respectively. The uplift and related extensive emersion of the coastal plain require high coupling along the subduction zone and/or underplating at depth. Offshore, industry-acquired reflection seismic lines combined with EM12 bathymetric data allow us to investigate the tectonic regime and deformation of the continental margin and shelf. Major dipping seaward detachments control the long-term subsidence of this area. These main tectonic features define a tectonic segmentation. The Talara, Paita, and Sechura segments are identified from north to south. No clear tectonic correlation in time exists between the onshore and the continental margin segmentations, or in space either. The longterm subsidence of the offshore, indicative of subduction erosion working at depth, requires low coupling along the subduction channel at depth. The distribution of permanent deformation along the northern Peru forearc area includes long-term uplift along the coastal plain and long-term subsidence along the continental margin, the neutral line being located within the 10 km seaward from the Present coastline. An extensive sequence of raised marine cliffs and associated notches evidences that the most recent uplift step (20-23 ka to Present) along the Cabo Blanco segment is related to a sequence of major earthquakes. We infer that eustacy exerts important feedback coupling to the seismogenic behavior of the North Peru subduction zone. We speculate that during sea level fall, pore fluid pressure diminishes along the subduction channel inducing a possible seaward migration of the locked zone (i.e., migration of the updip limit) reaching a maximum by the end of the eustatic low stand. During eustatic sea level rise, pore fluid pressure increases along the subduction channel. This in turn is capable of weakening the previously locked zone along the plate interface beginning an earthquake sequence. Earth's orbital variations are a potential external cause that may control the physical processes at work along plate interface.

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Tectonic Processes and their Impact on the Recording of Relative Sea-level Changes

Cited by 12 publications

References 40 publications

Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands

Viscosity structure of the oceanic lithosphere inferred from the differential late Quaternary sea-level variations for the southern Cook Islands

Quaternary reef record of differential uplift at Luwuk, Sulawesi East Arm, Indonesia

Tectonic record of strain buildup and abrupt coseismic stress release across the northwestern Peru coastal plain, shelf, and continental slope during the past 200 kyr

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