Tectonic zonation of the Central Himalaya and the crustal evolution of collision and compressional belts

Structural evolution and sequence of thrusting in the Tethyan fold-thrust belt and Indus-Yalu suture zone, southwest Tibet

“…55-50 Ma (Patriat and Achache, 1984;Rowley, 1996;de Sigoyer et al, 2000) or earlier (Yin and Harrison, 2000). Attempts to corroborate this total estimate with field-based structural studies have viewed the Tibetan-Himalayan collision zone as consisting of three belts that could have absorbed a significant proportion of the convergence: (1) the Himalayan foldthrust belt (Gansser, 1964;Sinha, 1986;Schelling, 1992;DeCelles et al, 1998DeCelles et al, , 2001, (2) the Tethyan fold-thrust belt (Burg and Chen, 1984;Searle, 1986Searle, , 1996aSteck et al, 1993;Ratschbacher et al, 1994), and (3) the Indus-Yalu suture zone (Heim and Gansser, 1939;Gansser, 1964;Burg and Chen, 1984;Yin et al, 1994Yin et al, , 1999Harrison et al, 2000) (Figs. 1A and 1B).…”

Crustal Thickness Variations and their Tectonic Implications beneath the Uttarakhand Himalayas and the adjoining Tectonic Segments: Results from 3-D Tomographic Inversion of Local and Regional Earthquake Data

“…The Sub-Himalaya (or Siwaliks): delimited by the HFT to the south and the MBT to the north, this zone is primarily comprised of foreland basin sedimentary rocks, product of Paleogene and Neogene molassic sediments eroded from early collisional topography or the rising orogen and deposited at least since 16 Ma in front of the mountain belt [Critelli and Garzanti, 1994;DeCelles et al, 1998aDeCelles et al, ,1998bDeCelles et al, ,2001Harrison et al, 1993;Johnson et al, 1985;Najman and Garzanti, 2000;Najman et al, 1993;Najman, 2006;Parkash et al, 1980]. Due to continued convergence of Indian plate, this Sub-Himalayan sequence was severely folded and thrusted during the late Holocene, and the continued underthrusting of the Indian plate under the Himalayas resulted in the development and activation of HFT [Mugnier et al, 1999;Sinha et al, 1987;Valdiya, 1988]. The HFT demarcates the tectonic/physiographic boundary between the southern margin of the Sub-Himalayan sequence and the recent Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP, also known as alluvial plains) [Gansser, 1981;Jayangondaperumal et al, 2018;Nakata et al, 1991;Sinha et al, 1987;Thakur et al, 2019;Valdiya, 1988].…”

“…Due to continued convergence of Indian plate, this Sub-Himalayan sequence was severely folded and thrusted during the late Holocene, and the continued underthrusting of the Indian plate under the Himalayas resulted in the development and activation of HFT [Mugnier et al, 1999;Sinha et al, 1987;Valdiya, 1988]. The HFT demarcates the tectonic/physiographic boundary between the southern margin of the Sub-Himalayan sequence and the recent Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP, also known as alluvial plains) [Gansser, 1981;Jayangondaperumal et al, 2018;Nakata et al, 1991;Sinha et al, 1987;Thakur et al, 2019;Valdiya, 1988].…”

“…Himalaya, delimited by the MCT to the south and the STDS to the north, this zone also known as the core of the Himalayan Range, this zone is primarily comprised of the Indian continental crust, meta-sedimentary and meta-igneous rocks of Proterozoic-Ordovician age, regionally metamorphosed and deformed at mid-crustal depths during Oligocene-early Miocene, and intruded by crustal melts of leucogranite during early Miocene in the uppermost part Deniel et al, 1987;Le Fort et al, 1987;Sinha, 1987;Guillot and Le Fort, 1995;Guillot et al, 1994Guillot et al, , 2008de Sigoyer et al, 2000;Treloar and Searle, 1993;Scaillet et al, 1995;Searle, 1999;Upreti, 1999;Ahmad et al, 2000;Najman and Garzanti, 2000;Godin et al, 2001;Searle and Treloar, 2019;Larson et al, 2010;Streule et al, 2010;Thakur et al, 2019]. The movement along the MCT that carried a hot slab of Higher Himalayan rocks over the cold Lesser Himalayan sequence is typically responsible for the well-known inverted metamorphism of the Himalaya and the late orogenic magmatism [Harrison et al, 1998[Harrison et al, , 1999Upreti, 1999;Yin and Harrison, 2000].…”

Interpretation of Gravity Data using 3D Euler Deconvolution, Tilt Angle, Horizontal Tilt Angle and Source Edge Approximation of the North-West Himalaya

“…Patriat and Achache (1984) observed shortening of continental crust in different incidents like subduction of continental crust, intra continental thrusting, internal deformation and lateral extrusion. Sinha (1987) studied the crustal evolution of collision and compressional belts and the tectonic zonation of Himalaya. The crustal movement of the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate causes the overlapping, shortening, and isostatic adjusted with the Tibetan Plateau.…”