“…In recent years, DL methods are potentially reshaping the future of ML and AI [ 48 ]. It is worthy to mention here that, from a broader perspective, ML has been applied to a range of tasks including anomaly detection [ 49 , 50 , 278 , 283 , 290 ], biological data mining [ 51 , 52 ], detection of coronavirus [ 53 , 54 ], disease detection and patient management [ 55 – 57 , 277 , 279 – 282 , 284 , 286 , 287 , 289 , 291 ], education [ 58 ], natural language processing [ 59 , 285 , 288 ], and price prediction [ 60 ]. Despite notable popularity and applicability to diverse disciplines [ 61 ], there exists no comprehensive review which focuses on pattern recognition in biological data and provides pointers to the various biological data sources and DL tools, and the performances of those tools [ 51 ].…”