Background
Tele-audiology has accelerated with the rapid advancement in information and communication technology. There is a significant knowledge gap concerning the use of implementation science and factors influencing tele-audiology as a routine or long-term, sustained effort. This mixed-methods study aimed to identify implementation factors that influence the provision of tele-audiology services.
Method
We carried out a mixed-methods study comprising a scoping review and semi-structured interviews (SSI). Articles describing tele-audiology were included based on a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results
Data was extracted from 32 studies that were mapped to 21 projects in tele-audiology. The broad areas of focus identified in tele-audiology included the provision of hearing screening, diagnostic evaluation, a combination of diagnostic audiological with otorhinolaryngological evaluation, hearing aid fitting and programming, cochlear implant fitting and mapping, aural re/habilitation services and comprehensive audiological services. Provision of diagnostic and therapeutic services were predominantly carried out using synchronous/ real-time telepractice methods. Asynchronous methods were used predominantly for audiometric screening, video-otoscopy and tympanometry. The most commonly used model was the ‘professional-facilitator-patient’ followed by the ‘professional-patient’ model. Barriers to long-term sustainability included insufficient initial financial investment, lack of reimbursement policies, limited internet (speed and bandwidth), and lack of organisational policies and uniform laws. Successful implementation was reported to be aided by having a stable source of funding, a devoted team of professionals and technicians with defined roles and duties, and with methodical planning.
Conclusion
The scoping review, as well as the interviewees, represented tele-audiology implementation efforts in a wide range of countries that include low-middle income and high-income nations. Successful implementation was reported to be aided by having a stable source of funding, a devoted team of professionals and technicians with defined roles and duties, and with methodical planning. Sustained implementation occurred when the need and usefulness of tele-audiology were accepted by public sector policy-makers. However, a more accurate understanding of sustainability can be obtained by the use of implementation science and frameworks to guide tele-audiology services.