Telehealth consultation in a self-contained classroom for behavior: A pilot study

Training Individuals to Implement Applied Behavior Analytic Procedures via Telehealth: A Systematic Review of the Literature

“…Some researchers cited practical difficulties with offering support in-person, such as large waiting lists for support or costs and time involved with traveling around rural areas (Barretto et al 2006;Gibson et al 2010;Hay-Hansson and Eldevik 2013;Knowles et al 2017;Machalicek et al 2009aMachalicek et al , b, 2010Machalicek et al , 2016Neely et al 2016;Wacker et al, 2013a, b;Wainer and Ingersoll 2015). Alnemary et al and Barkaia et al further cited a lack of behavioral expertise and support available internationally in Saudi Arabia and Georgia, respectively.…”

“…As noted above, 104 individuals received support from someone who had been trained via telehealth, and in almost all instances (with the exception of one child in Fischer et al 2016; and two children in Knowles et al 2017), these individuals were children with intellectual or developmental disabilities, most commonly ASD. Children were aged between 12 months and 16 years (where it was possible to determine age) and in thirteen studies (78 children) children reportedly displayed challenging behaviors such as self-injury, property destruction, aggression or noncompliance (Alnemary et al 2015;Barretto et al 2006;Fischer et al 2016;Gibson et al 2010;Knowles et al 2017;Lindgren et al 2016;Machalicek et al 2009bMachalicek et al , 2010Machalicek et al , 2016Suess et al 2014Wacker et al 2013a, b).…”

“…Studies were conducted by research teams primarily located in the USA, with one study conducted by a research team in Norway. Where information was reported on the distance over which telehealth support was provided, distances varied from a different room in the same building (Higgins et al 2017;Machalicek et al 2009b), a different location under 100 miles away (Barretto et al 2006;Gibson et al 2010;Lindgren et al 2016;Machalicek et al, 2009a;Machalicek et al 2016;Neely et al 2016), between 100 and 200 miles away (Barretto et al 2006;Lindgren et al 2016;, or over 200 miles away (Knowles et al 2017;Lindgren et al 2016;Wacker et al 2013a, b). In three cases, training was provided for trainees in a different country located 300 (Wainer and Ingersoll 2015), 5863 (Barkaia et al 2017), and8333 (Alnemary et al 2015) miles away from the trainer.…”

“…Children were aged between 12 months and 16 years (where it was possible to determine age) and in thirteen studies (78 children) children reportedly displayed challenging behaviors such as self-injury, property destruction, aggression or noncompliance (Alnemary et al 2015;Barretto et al 2006;Fischer et al 2016;Gibson et al 2010;Knowles et al 2017;Lindgren et al 2016;Machalicek et al 2009bMachalicek et al , 2010Machalicek et al , 2016Suess et al 2014Wacker et al 2013a, b). Only seven studies (Barkaia et al 2017;Gibson et al 2010;Machalicek et al 2009bMachalicek et al , 2010Machalicek et al , 2016Neely et al 2016;Wacker et al 2013b) reported on client's communication abilities.…”

“…For example, in six articles (Higgins et al 2017;Machalicek et al 2009aMachalicek et al , b, 2010Machalicek et al , 2016Neely et al 2016), it was explicitly stated that trainers were Board Certified Behavior Analysts. Trainers were often Doctoral or Master's students Higgins et al 2017;Knowles et al 2017;Lindgren et al 2016;Machalicek et al, 2009aMachalicek et al, , b, 2010Suess et al 2014Wacker et al 2013a, b) and trainees had varying levels of experience using behavioral approaches, ranging from one ) to 20 years' experience of implementing behavioral techniques (Wacker et al 2013a). …”