“…As ground data are either scarce (e.g., in many countries of Africa, Komi et al, 2017), or declining (e.g., in the pan-Arctic region, Lins, 2008), and therefore time series incomplete, hydrological modelling is a useful tool to understand main processes involved in flood scenarios and to obtain outputs for flood hazard mapping such as the water depth, the flood extent, the flow velocity, and the duration of inundation (Néelz & Pender, 2010;Néelz & Pender, 2013;Santillan et al, 2016). With computational technology progress, modelling can be achieved in 1D (Brunner, 2016), 2D (Moulinec et al, 2011), or 3D (Prakash, Rothauge, & Cleary, 2014). However, the more dimensions are involved, the more is needed in terms of quantity, quality of data, and computational cost (Hunter, Bates, Horritt, & Wilson, 2007).…”