Television viewing and change in body fat from preschool to early adolescence: The Framingham Children's Study

Proctor, Munro H.; Moore, Lynn L.; Gao, Di; Cupples, L. Adrienne; Bradlee, M. Loring; Hood, Maggie Y.; Ellison, R. Curtis

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802294

Cited by 335 publications

(288 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…76 Low levels of physical activity and greater amounts of sedentary pursuits, in particular television viewing (43 h/ days), during childhood and/or adolescence is predictive of greater future adiposity and or overweight. [77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84] Thus, the rationale for prescribing exercise as an adjunct to dietary restriction is compelling given its potential to reduce overweight-related comorbidity and the hazard associated with dietary restriction alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of exercise for treating overweight in children and adolescents: a systematic review

2006

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Background: Overweight prevalence among children/adolescents is increasing, while adult obesity may potentially cause a decline in life expectancy. More exercise is uniformly recommended, although treatment efficacy remains unclear. Objective: To determine the efficacy of exercise alone for treating overweight in children/adolescents. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials published in English were completed following multiple database searches performed on December 10, 2004. Studies of isolated or adjunctive exercise/physical activity treatment in overweight/obese children or adolescents which reported any overweight outcome were included. Literature searches identified 645 papers which were manually searched, of which 45 were considered for inclusion, of which 13 papers which reported 14 studies were included (N ¼ 481 overweight boys and girls, aged B12 years). Two reviewers independently identified relevant papers for potential inclusion and assessed methodological quality. Principal measures of effects included the mean difference (MD) (between treatment and control groups), the weighted MD (WMD), and the standardized MD (SMD). Results: Few studies were of robust design. The pooled SMD was À0.4 (À0.7, À0.1, P ¼ 0.006) for percent body fat, and À0.2 (À0.6, 0.1, P ¼ 0.07) for central obesity outcomes, whereas the pooled WMD was À2.7 kg (À6.1 kg, 0.8 kg, P ¼ 0.07) for body weight, all of which favored exercise. Pooled effects on body weight were significant and larger for studies of higher doses, whereas nonsignificant and smaller effects were seen for studies of lower doses of exercise (155-180 min/weeks vs 120-150 min/ weeks). Conclusions: Based on the small number of short-term randomized trials currently available, an aerobic exercise prescription of 155-180 min/weeks at moderate-to-high intensity is effective for reducing body fat in overweight children/adolescents, but effects on body weight and central obesity are inconclusive. Recommendations for future study designs are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of exercise for treating overweight in children and adolescents: a systematic review

2006

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“…Of the 103 children in the study, those with the largest increases in skinfolds were the children who had watched the most TV. 97 A positive relationship between television and BMI was also seen in preschool (3-4 y) children followed for 3 y. 66 Horn et al 78 reported a significant relationship between TV and adiposity in girls, but not boys; Mohawk girls (age 7.5) who watched 44.5 h/week of TV had graded increases in subscapular skinfold thickness over 2 y.…”

Section: Physical Inactivity and The Development Of Obesitymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…66,73,[75][76][77][78]81,96,97 Of the studies with younger subjects, most reported positive associations between television viewing and adiposity. 66,77,78,81,96,97 Each additional hour of TV watched by Australian children at age 6 was associated with a 40% increased odds of overweight at age 8. Associations remained significant after adjusting for birth weight, maternal BMI, maternal smoking, and children's PAL.…”

Section: Physical Inactivity and The Development Of Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children with lower family incomes, with lower parental education, and non-white children tend to watch more TV than their peers. 83,97,99 As the prevalence of overweight is higher among children of lower socioeconomic status and minority race/ethnicity, 100 incomplete statistical control for these variables can obscure the true relationships. Such results are often found in cross-sectional studies as well; television viewing was related to overweight in 10-16-y olds, but was not significant after adjusting for ethnicity and socioeconomic status.…”

Section: S90mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical activity and sedentary behavior: a review of longitudinal studies of weight and adiposity in youth

2005

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AIM:To review the published prospective observational studies of the relationship of physical activity and sedentary behavior with the development of overweight and adiposity, with an emphasis on methodologic issues. METHODS: Sample size, population studied, length of follow-up, assessment of exposure (physical activity, inactivity, or sedentary behavior), assessment of outcome (relative weight, overweight, % body fatness, adiposity), statistical approach, and main findings were extracted, summarized, and key methodological issues highlighted. RESULTS: In total, 17 studies of physical activity and 15 studies of inactivity/sedentary behavior were identified; as these were not mutually exclusive, 20 unique studies were reviewed. Results were mixed, with most studies showing an inverse association of physical activity with weight or fatness outcomes and/or a direct association of inactivity/sedentary behavior with weight or fatness outcomes. The effects identified were generally of small magnitude. Imprecise measurement of activity exposures likely weakens the observed relationships. Most studies used a pre-post design and had limited duration of follow-up (r2 y). Studies with longer and more frequent follow-up did not always use the most advantageous statistical approach. CONCLUSIONS: On balance, the available evidence from prospective observational studies suggests that increased physical activity and decreased sedentary behavior are protective against relative weight and fatness gains over childhood and adolescence. In addition to improved measurement methods, longer and more frequent follow-up as well as truly longitudinal analysis methods would help establish these important prevention and intervention targets, and identify subgroups or development periods where interventions would likely be effective.

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“…Moreover, TV viewing behaviour predicts later adiposity, suggesting a causative role (9,11,12) . While this relationship is in part mediated by exercise (11) , much research has also demonstrated that TV viewing is also associated with specific differences in food intake and diet.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond-brand effect of television food advertisements on food choice in children: the effects of weight status

Halford

Boyland

Hughes

et al. 2008

Public Health Nutr.

197

151

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Objective: To investigate the effect of television food advertising on children's food intake, specifically whether childhood obesity is related to a greater susceptibility to food promotion. Design: The study was a within-subject, counterbalanced design. The children were tested on two occasions separated by two weeks. One condition involved the children viewing food advertisements followed by a cartoon, in the other condition the children viewed non-food adverts followed by the same cartoon. Following the cartoon, their food intake and choice was assessed in a standard paradigm. Setting: The study was conducted in Liverpool, UK. Subjects: Fifty-nine children (32 male, 27 female) aged 9-11 years were recruited from a UK school to participate in the study. Thirty-three children were normalweight (NW), 15 overweight (OW) and 11 obese (OB). Results: Exposure to food adverts produced substantial and significant increases in energy intake in all children (P , 0Á001). The increase in intake was largest in the obese children (P 5 0Á04). All children increased their consumption of high-fat and/ or sweet energy-dense snacks in response to the adverts (P , 0Á001). In the food advert condition, total intake and the intake of these specific snack items correlated with the children's modified age-and gender-specific body mass index score. Conclusions: These data suggest that obese and overweight children are indeed more responsive to food promotion, which specifically stimulates the intake of energy-dense snacks.

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Television viewing and change in body fat from preschool to early adolescence: The Framingham Children's Study

Cited by 335 publications

References 26 publications

Efficacy of exercise for treating overweight in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Efficacy of exercise for treating overweight in children and adolescents: a systematic review

Physical activity and sedentary behavior: a review of longitudinal studies of weight and adiposity in youth

Beyond-brand effect of television food advertisements on food choice in children: the effects of weight status

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