Telomeric small RNAs in the genus Caenorhabditis

Abstract

Telomeric DNA is composed of simple tandem repeat sequences and has a G-rich strand that runs 5' to 3' towards the chromosome terminus. Small RNAs with homology to telomeres have been observed in several organisms and could originate from telomeres or from interstitial telomere sequences (ITSs), which are composites of degenerate and perfect telomere repeat sequences found on chromosome arms. We identified C. elegans small RNAs composed of the Caenorhabditis telomere sequence (TTAGGC) n with up to three mismatches, which might interact with telomeres. We rigorously defined ITSs for genomes of C. elegans and for two closely related nematodes, C. briggsae and C. remanei. We found that most telomeric small RNAs with mismatches originated from ITSs, which were depleted from mRNAs and but were enriched in introns whose genes often displayed hallmarks of genomic silencing. C. elegans small RNAs composed of perfect telomere repeats were very rare but were increased by several orders of magnitude in C. briggsae and C. remanei. Major small RNA species in C. elegans begin with a 5' guanine nucleotide, which was strongly depleted from perfect telomeric small RNAs of all three Caenorhabditis species. Perfect telomeric small RNAs corresponding to the G-rich strand of the telomere commonly began with 5' UAGGCU and 5'UUAGGC, whereas C-rich strand RNAs commonly begin with 5'CUAAGC. In contrast, telomeric small RNAs with mismatches had a mixture of all four 5' nucleotides. Together, our results imply that perfect telomeric small RNAs have a mechanism of biogenesis that is distinct from known classes of small RNAs and that a dramatic change in their regulation occurred during recent Caenorhabditis evolution.