Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) as predictors of depression among Japanese college students

Abstract

To examine the predictive power of Cloninger's psychobiology model of depression, 167 Japanese college students were studied on two occasions, with an interval of approximately three months. At Time 1 (T1), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) were distributed. At Time 2 (T2), the SDS was distributed again. The T2 SDS score was positively correlated with Harm Avoidance and negatively correlated with Reward Dependence and Self-directedness at T1. However, after controlling for the T1 SDS score, the T2 SDS score was predicted only by T1 Self-directedness. These data suggest that lower Self-directedness can be predictive of depression, whereas higher Harm Avoidance and lower Reward Dependence are state-dependent.

Temperament and character as predictors of recurrence in remitted patients with major depression: A 4-year prospective follow-up study

“…The conclusion of SD on depression in the present study is consistent with relevant research sampled from the general population (Cloninger et al, 2006;Naito et al, 2000) except for one study (Farmer and Seeley, 2009). Farmer and Seeley (2009) found that only HA at the initial time point emerged as a significant predictor of depressed mood 4 years later when controlling for age, gender, and depressed mood at baseline.…”

“…In previous studies among individuals sampled from the general population, future depression was predicted by high HA and P scores and low SD scores (Cloninger et al, 2006), high P scores and some facet scales into which HA and RD are subdivided (Elovainio et al, 2004), and only high HA (Farmer and Seeley, 2009). The study in a selected sample of Japanese university students indicated that low SD only emerged as a predictor of future depression (Naito et al, 2000).…”

Temperament and character profiles in bipolar I, bipolar II and major depressive disorder: Impact over illness course, comorbidity pattern and psychopathological features of depression

“…This finding seems to be in contrast with previous studies reporting that severity of depression positively correlates with HA and negatively with SD scores (Bayon et al, 1996;Brown et al, 1992;Cloninger et al, 1998;Farmer et al, 2003;Hansenne et al, 1999;Hirano et al, 2002;Naito et al, 2000;Peirson, 2001;Richter et al, 2000;Sasayama et al, 2011;Spittlehouse et al, 2010). Nontheless, our study used strict criteria for euthymia, also based on symptom severity (HAM-D total score ≤ 8 and YMRS score ≤ 7), which could have minimized the effect of subthreshold symptomatology on TCI dimensions.…”

Difference in Temperament and Character Inventory scores between depressed patients with bipolar II and unipolar major depressive disorders

“…It has been reported that depressed individuals accurately portray their vulnerability to stress, their joylessness, and their lack of motivation, and that depression-caused changes in the assessed personality trait may reflect their current condition of the individual (Costa et al, 2005). Previous studies reported that severity of depression positively correlates with HA and negatively with SD scores (Farmer et al, 2003;Hansenne et al, 1999;Naito et al, 2000;Richter et al, 2000;Spittlehouse et al, 2010). In our study, however, correlation coefficients of HA and SD scores with HDRS scores did not reach statistical significance except for SD in male UP patients.…”

“…TCI is a 240 item true/false questionnaire measuring four dimensions of temperament (novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (P)) and three dimensions of character (self-directedness (SD), cooperativeness (C), and self-transcendence (ST)), developed on the basis of a psychobiological model of personality. Although TCI has been frequently used in the studies of mood disorders Celikel et al, 2009;de Winter et al, 2007;Engstrom et al, 2004;Farmer et al, 2003;Hansenne et al, 1999;Hirano et al, 2002;Kimura et al, 2000;Loftus et al, 2008;Marijnissen et al, 2002;Matsudaira and Kitamura, 2006;Naito et al, 2000;Richter et al, 2000;, no studies to date have compared TCI score profiles of patients with unipolar and bipolar depression during their depressed states. We aimed to identify personality profiles specific to either unipolar or bipolar depression, which could aid in the were also assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV by a trained psychiatrist to confirm the diagnosis.…”