Temperament, conditioning, and memory in 3-month-old infants with Down syndrome

Ohr, Phyllis S.; Fagen, Jeffrey W.

doi:10.1016/0193-3973(93)90031-p

Cited by 22 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…The latter finding also lends support to the results reported by Nygaard et al (2002), indicating that children with DS showed lower levels of sadness. On the other hand, results of this study conflict with findings reported by Bridges and Cicchetti (1982), Ohr andFagen (1993), andRatekin (1996), most likely as a function of different assessment approaches and ages of included children with DS.Inclusion of the IBQ-R allowed for an evaluation of temperament characteristics not previously examined for children with DS, leading to significant differences not previously reported in the literature. Specifically, children with DS were described as exhibiting increased Low Intensity Pleasure, Falling Reactivity, and Cuddliness/Affiliation, relative to normatively developing comparison infants.…”

contrasting

confidence: 57%

“…On the other hand, Bridges and Cicchetti (1982) found that mothers rated their children with DS as less persistent, less approaching, and having a lower threshold for stimulation in comparison to normally developing infants, whereas Ohr and Fagen (1993) found no differences in temperament between infants with DS and a control group without DS. Ratekin (1996) reported that parents rated their children with DS as showing increased approach, distractibility, and mood (being pleasant/cheerful).…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…This lack of consensus on the nature of temperament differences between children with DS and comparison youngster is likely due to several factors, such as differences in the ages of children included in the studies, and utilization of different measures in the evaluation of temperament. For example, Rothbart and Hanson (1983) as well as Ohr and Fagen (1993) relied on the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ; Rothbart, 1981) to assess infant temperament, but Ohr and Fagen study included infants at 3 months of age only, whereas Rothbart and Hanson (1983) gathered temperament data from parents of infants at six, nine, and 12 months of age. On the other hand, Bridges and Cicchetti (1982) utilized a different parent-report instrument, the Infant Temperament Questionnaire (ITQ; Carey 1970), and relied on the normative sample (3.5-8.5 months of age) utilized in the development of this questionnaire as a comparison group.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Infant temperament: an evaluation of children with Down Syndrome

Gartstein

Marmion

Swanson

2006

Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology

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The current study investigated differences in the development of temperament for normally developing infants and infants with Down Syndrome (DS). DS has been described as the most prevalent cause for mental retardation, and its effects on the central nervous system may also influence the development of temperament. Parents of 3 to 12 month-old normally developing infants and infants with DS completed the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R). Results indicated that parents of infants with DS described their children as exhibiting higher levels of temperament dimensions associated with Orienting/Regulating Capacity, and lower levels of attributes collectively referred to as Negative Affectivity, relative to comparison children. Specifically, infants with DS were reported to exhibit lower levels of Distress to Limitations, higher levels of Low Intensity Pleasure, Duration of Orienting, Falling Reactivity, and Cuddliness/ Affiliation. No significant differences were found between IBQ-R factor intercorrelations for children with DS and normatively developing infants. Down Syndrome (DS), a chromosomal disorder (Selikowitz, 1997) caused by an abnormality on chromosome 21 (Harris, 1995). A vast majority (95%) of children with DS have a whole extra chromosome, which is due to non-disjunction (Selikowitz, 1997); however, a number of children with this disorder have an extra part of chromosome 21, due to translocation, and a small subgroup of children with DS have an extra 21 st chromosome in only some of their cells (mosaicism). DS has been associated with a large number of features; however, the only feature that is apparent in all children with the disorder is the presence of some intellectual impairment (Selikowitz, 1997). In addition, there are common physical characteristics, such as: "upturned, outward slanting eyes, epicanthus, wide nasal bridge, brush field spots, large posterior fontanelle, brachycephaly, low nuchal hair line, single transverse palmar crease, large cleft between first and second toe, and relatively short upper arms" (Harris, 1995, p. 274). Hypotonia and short stature have also been reported. It has been shown that the incidence of DS increases with advanced maternal age, with the risk escalating markedly after the age of 35 (Selikowitz, 1997).A number of Central Nervous System (CNS) abnormalities have been described in children with DS. In one study, 17 out of 42 children with DS were reported to have microcephaly (Pastore et al., 2000). Another team of researchers reported that participants with DS had smaller hippocampal volumes than participants from a control group and that the area of the corpus callosum was also reduced in size when compared to the controls, even after matching for age and intracranial volume (Teipel, Shapiro, Alexander, & Krasuski, 2003). Ganiban, Wagner, and Cicchetti (1990) et al., (1990) stated that given possible decreased noradrenergic and adrenergic activity, the intensity of overall reactivity would be expected to be dampened relative to reactivi...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

contrasting

confidence: 57%

mentioning

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infant temperament: an evaluation of children with Down Syndrome

Gartstein

Marmion

Swanson

2006

Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology

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“…The case of Down syndrome is a special one, because this chromosomal alteration is generally detected at birth, affects a relatively large proportion of the population and is etiologically homogeneous, though (as occurs in the general population) heterogeneous in terms of phenotype, so that it constitutes an interesting natural model for the study of emotional development (Cicchetti & Beeghly, 1990;Cicchetti & Sroufe, 1976, 1978Emde, Katz, & Thorpe, 1978). Accordingly, Down syndrome infants have demonstrated slower and restricted cortical development from birth, re ected in dif culties in the basic processes of learning and memory, and particularly in language development and the conventional expression of emotions (see, among others, Carlesimo, Marotta & Vicari, 1997;Karmiloff-Smith, Klima, Bellugi, Grant, & BaronCohen, 1995;Kernan & Sabsay, 1996;Ohr & Fagen, 1994). Nevertheless, spontaneous facial expression and the process of emotional development, particularly in terms of the nature of the stimuli that provoke the appearance of these emotional expressions at each stage of development, is found to be comparable to that of typically developing infants, at least during the rst year of life (Cicchetti & Sroufe, 1976;Emde & Brown, 1978).…”

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confidence: 99%

Face-to-face emotion interaction studies in Down syndrome infants

Carvajal¹,

Iglesias

2002

International Journal of Behavioral Development

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Infants with Down syndrome constitute an ideal population for analysing the development of emotional expression from the rst months of life, due basically to the fact that this chromosomal alteration is identi able from birth and results in well-known dif culties of cognitive development and in basic learning processes. Taking into account the functional aspects of facial expression during initial social interaction, in this review we present a series of studies which, although based on different theoretical approaches and different methodologies, have the common objective of analysing the emotional behaviour of young infants with and without Down syndrome during faceto-face interaction with their mothers. The main conclusions emerging from these studies are: (a) that, as in the case of typically developing infants, Down syndrome infants and their mothers present a series of coordinated and interdependent expressive interchanges; (b) that, despite the differences found between infants with and without Down syndrome in quantitative parameters of expressive behaviour, such as frequency, duration and intensity of the different emotional expressions or their point of initiation in development, what seems to be most signi cant is the clear functional similarity observed in the two groups of subjects during initial mother-infant interaction; and (c) that these differences may be understood by considering different psychobiological explanations as well as the known cognitive de cits.

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Judgements of facial and vocal signs of emotion in infants with down syndrome

Carvajal

Iglesias

2006

Dev. Psychobiol.

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We address how adults perceive facial and vocal signs of emotions in infants with and without Down syndrome. A set of naturalistic data from infants with trisomy 21 and typically developing infants (joy expression of young infants, 3.8-4.4 months, and anger and neutral expressions of older infants, 6.8-12.8 months) was rated by adult judges categorically or dimensionally. Facial signs alone, vocal signs alone, and both facial and vocal signs were presented for each expression. Raters were university students who did not have regular contact with infants, nor with people with mental retardation. Young infants' joy expressions were correctly recognized more frequently for typically developing infants than for infants with Down syndrome and, specifically, joy vocalizations in infants with Down syndrome were not identified. Facial signs were also more communicative than vocal signs in the case of older infants' anger and neutral expressions. These results are relevant to the way infant emotion is perceived by others, and may be particularly useful in facilitating interaction between adults and infants with Down syndrome.

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Temperament, conditioning, and memory in 3-month-old infants with Down syndrome

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

Infant temperament: an evaluation of children with Down Syndrome

Infant temperament: an evaluation of children with Down Syndrome

Face-to-face emotion interaction studies in Down syndrome infants

Judgements of facial and vocal signs of emotion in infants with down syndrome

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