Temperate Bacteriophages—The Powerful Indirect Modulators of Eukaryotic Cells and Immune Functions

Cieślik, Martyna; Bagińska, Natalia; Jończyk‐Matysiak, Ewa; Węgrzyn, Alicja; Węgrzyn, Grzegorz; Górski, Andrzej

doi:10.3390/v13061013

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…The mechanisms of these changes, however, should be further examined, as well as the effect of these phages to better understand the phage contribution to bacterial virulence. Taking into consideration that B. bronchiseptica is known to modulate strongly both innate and adaptive immune responses in mammals [ 66 ] and that temperate phages can contribute to the attenuation of basic immune defenses such as phagocytosis [ 67 ], future studies should also investigate the potential role of siphoviruses in the immunomodulation and pathogenesis of B. bronchiseptica infections [ 68 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Bordetella bronchiseptica Siphoviruses (Genus Vojvodinavirus) Appropriate for Phage Therapy—Bacterial Allies or Foes?

Fabijan

Sabo

Gavric

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Bordetella bronchiseptica is a respiratory animal pathogen that shows growing resistance to commonly used antibiotics, which has necessitated the examination of new antimicrobials, including bacteriophages. In this study, we examined the previously isolated and partially characterized B. bronchiseptica siphoviruses of the genus Vojvodinavirus (LK3, CN1, CN2, FP1 and MW2) for their ability to inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm, and we examined other therapeutically important properties through genomic analysis and lysogeny experiments. The phages inhibited bacterial growth at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI = 0.001) of up to 85% and at MOI = 1 for >99%. Similarly, depending on the phages and MOIs, biofilm formation inhibition ranged from 65 to 95%. The removal of biofilm by the phages was less efficient but still considerably high (40–75%). Complete genomic sequencing of Bordetella phage LK3 (59,831 bp; G + C 64.01%; 79 ORFs) showed integrase and repressor protein presence, indicating phage potential to lysogenize bacteria. Lysogeny experiments confirmed the presence of phage DNA in bacterial DNA upon infection using PCR, which showed that the LK3 phage forms more or less stable lysogens depending on the bacterial host. Bacterial infection with the LK3 phage enhanced biofilm production, sheep blood hemolysis, flagellar motility, and beta-lactam resistance. The examined phages showed considerable anti-B. bronchiseptica activity, but they are inappropriate for therapy because of their temperate nature and lysogenic conversion of the host bacterium.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Bordetella bronchiseptica Siphoviruses (Genus Vojvodinavirus) Appropriate for Phage Therapy—Bacterial Allies or Foes?

Fabijan

Sabo

Gavric

et al. 2021

Viruses

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“…As in most phage genomes currently under study, the majority of the PPH genes play uncharacterized roles. There is increasing evidence that although bacteriophages do not infect eukaryotic cells, they do interact with innate immune cells via Toll-like receptors (which appears to be particularly true for temperate bacteriophages) ( Cieślik et al., 2021 ; Podlacha et al., 2021 ; Popescu et al., 2021 ), but the phage components involved in this are virtually unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus pneumoniae: a Plethora of Temperate Bacteriophages With a Role in Host Genome Rearrangement

Martín-Galiano

Garcı́a

2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. They are the most abundant biological entity on Earth (current estimates suggest there to be perhaps 1031 particles) and are found nearly everywhere. Temperate phages can integrate into the chromosome of their host, and prophages have been found in abundance in sequenced bacterial genomes. Prophages may modulate the virulence of their host in different ways, e.g., by the secretion of phage-encoded toxins or by mediating bacterial infectivity. Some 70% of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus)—a frequent cause of otitis media, pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis—isolates harbor one or more prophages. In the present study, over 4000 S. pneumoniae genomes were examined for the presence of prophages, and nearly 90% were found to contain at least one prophage, either defective (47%) or present in full (43%). More than 7000 complete putative integrases, either of the tyrosine (6243) or serine (957) families, and 1210 full-sized endolysins (among them 1180 enzymes corresponding to 318 amino acid-long N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidases [LytAPPH]) were found. Based on their integration site, 26 different pneumococcal prophage groups were documented. Prophages coding for tRNAs, putative virulence factors and different methyltransferases were also detected. The members of one group of diverse prophages (PPH090) were found to integrate into the 3’ end of the host lytASpn gene encoding the major S. pneumoniae autolysin without disrupting it. The great similarity of the lytASpnand lytAPPH genes (85–92% identity) allowed them to recombine, via an apparent integrase-independent mechanism, to produce different DNA rearrangements within the pneumococcal chromosome. This study provides a complete dataset that can be used to further analyze pneumococcal prophages, their evolutionary relationships, and their role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease.

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“…The lysogenic growth cycle involves the connection of the bacteriophage particle to the bacterial host, injection of the bacteriophage genome into the bacterial host ( Chen et al, 2020 ), repression of all bacteriophage functions that would lead to lytic growth, integration of the bacteriophage genome into the genome of the host bacterium, passive amplification of the bacteriophage genome whenever the host genome amplifies. Every bacterial daughter cell inheriting an integrated bacteriophage genome is called a prophage in this stage ( Cieślik et al, 2021 ). This symbiotic relationship between prophage and the bacterial host can remain stable for generations.…”

Section: Bacteriophagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of the use of bacteriophages in the poultry industry: Successes, challenges, and possibilities for overcoming breakdowns

et al. 2023

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The primary contaminants in poultry are Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Their pathogenicity together with the widespread of these bacteria, contributes to many economic losses and poses a threat to public health. With the increasing prevalence of bacterial pathogens being resistant to most conventional antibiotics, scientists have rekindled interest in using bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents. Bacteriophage treatments have also been investigated as an alternative to antibiotics in the poultry industry. Bacteriophages’ high specificity may allow them only to target a specific bacterial pathogen in the infected animal. However, a tailor-made sophisticated cocktail of different bacteriophages could broaden their antibacterial activity in typical situations with multiple clinical strains infections. Bacteriophages may not only be used in terms of reducing bacterial contamination in animals but also, under industrial conditions, they can be used as safe disinfectants to reduce contamination on food-contact surfaces or poultry carcasses. Nevertheless, bacteriophage therapies have not been developed sufficiently for widespread use. Problems with resistance, safety, specificity, and long-term stability must be addressed in particular. This review highlights the benefits, challenges, and current limitations of bacteriophage applications in the poultry industry.

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Temperate Bacteriophages—The Powerful Indirect Modulators of Eukaryotic Cells and Immune Functions

Cited by 16 publications

References 132 publications

Are Bordetella bronchiseptica Siphoviruses (Genus Vojvodinavirus) Appropriate for Phage Therapy—Bacterial Allies or Foes?

Are Bordetella bronchiseptica Siphoviruses (Genus Vojvodinavirus) Appropriate for Phage Therapy—Bacterial Allies or Foes?

Streptococcus pneumoniae: a Plethora of Temperate Bacteriophages With a Role in Host Genome Rearrangement

An overview of the use of bacteriophages in the poultry industry: Successes, challenges, and possibilities for overcoming breakdowns

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