Temperature and Lithium Concentration Gradient Caused Inhomogeneous Plating in Large-format Lithium-ion Cells

Storch, Mathias; Fath, Johannes Philipp; Sieg, Johannes; Vranković, Dragoljub; Krupp, Carsten; Spier, Bernd; Riedel, Ralf

doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.102887

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…[45] Therefore, we suppose, that in the regions of higher temperature, the current densities are higher, which can lead to lithium deposition. A similar reason was found for steady-state inhomogeneous temperature conditions which led to an inhomogeneous lithium distribution, [46,47] disturbed the electrode balancing and locally violated the lithium plating condition. [47] Metallic lithium deposits if the anode potential falls below 0 V. [35] A further consequence could be local overcharge of the anode due to the higher current densities.…”

Section: Anode Peak Flatsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…A similar reason was found for steady-state inhomogeneous temperature conditions which led to an inhomogeneous lithium distribution, [46,47] disturbed the electrode balancing and locally violated the lithium plating condition. [47] Metallic lithium deposits if the anode potential falls below 0 V. [35] A further consequence could be local overcharge of the anode due to the higher current densities. [33] A hint for this theory represent the yellow stains on the separator, which were found as a sign of overcharge by Chang et al [21] This also answers the question whether the abusive charging condition of 5 °C, that is still present for a short amount of time in the beginning of charging is the reason for the larger capacity fade of the T 5 � C dch 45 � C ch a cell in comparison to the reference cell at 25 °C.…”

Section: Anode Peak Flatsupporting

confidence: 64%

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Thermal Transients to Accelerate Cyclic Aging of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Cloos,

Queisser,

Chahbaz

et al. 2023

Batteries & Supercaps

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Cyclic aging tests of lithium‐ion batteries are very time‐consuming. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the testing time by tightening the testing conditions. However, the acceleration with this approach is limited without altering the aging mechanisms. In this paper, we investigate whether and how thermal transients accelerate the aging. The tests are performed on NMC/graphite pouch cells by applying temperatures in a range of 5 °C to 45 °C to the cell surface. The results show, that an accelerated capacity loss can be achieved in comparison to the reference cell at a steady‐state temperature of 25 °C. However, capacity difference analysis (CDA) prognoses a covering layer for the transient cells, which is confirmed upon post‐mortem analysis. We suspect the origin to lie in the dynamics of temperature fields and current distribution during temperature changes when charging. More specifically, areas of higher temperature in the cell lead to high local current densities and plating. Subsequently, high temperatures promote the reaction of the plated lithium with electrolyte. The results show that thermal transients are a critical condition for lifetime and safety and should be treated with caution as they can occur during real life operation.

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Section: Anode Peak Flatsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Anode Peak Flatsupporting

confidence: 64%

Thermal Transients to Accelerate Cyclic Aging of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Cloos,

Queisser,

Chahbaz

et al. 2023

Batteries & Supercaps

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…At low temperatures, sluggish electrolyte transport and electrode reaction kinetics facilitate lithium plating and subsequent lithium dendritic growth on the negative electrode. 9,10 In addition, non-uniform temperature distribution leads to reaction maldistribution within the electrodes of individual cells and electrical imbalance between cells within the modules and packs, both of which reduce battery performance and cycle life. [10][11][12] To mitigate the adverse impacts of temperature, the battery thermal management system (BTMS) has become an essential component of the battery pack.…”

Section: Symbol Description Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 In addition, non-uniform temperature distribution leads to reaction maldistribution within the electrodes of individual cells and electrical imbalance between cells within the modules and packs, both of which reduce battery performance and cycle life. [10][11][12] To mitigate the adverse impacts of temperature, the battery thermal management system (BTMS) has become an essential component of the battery pack. Most current BTMS utilize an external strategy, where heat is exchanged through the exterior surfaces or tabs of the battery cells.…”

Section: Symbol Description Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the Impact of Electrolyte Flow on Heat Management in a Li-Ion Convection Cell

Gao¹,

Drake²,

Brushett³

2023

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In response to challenges in the thermal management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), we investigate the concept of circulating electrolyte through the porous electrodes and separator to facilitate effective, uniform, and real-time temperature regulation. We show, through physics-based electrothermal modeling and dimensional analysis of a single, planar LIB cell, that electrolyte convection can simultaneously draw heat from the cell and suppress heat generation from entropy change, charge-transfer, and ohmic losses, and that the cell temperature rise can be effectively mitigated when heat removal matches or exceeds heat generation. These findings distinguish internal convection from conventional thermal management approaches – external surface cooling, which leads to a tradeoff between heat and mass transport. In a simulated exemplary 5.7-C case, a LIB cell with stationary electrolyte must stop discharging at only 54% of its capacity due to cell temperature rise to an upper threshold (325K); with sufficient electrolyte flow (~1 µm/s for a single cell, or a residence time of ~200s), the cell can be maintained below 315K while delivering 98% of its capacity. Finally, to illustrate the potential for dynamic temperature regulation, we simulate scenarios where cells already experiencing self-heating can instantly arrest temperature rise with the onset of convection

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“…This can cause conductivity and local current density variations, leading to faster degradation, and prevent optimal utilization of the electrodes. [17][18][19][20] Although battery models can successfully predict routine battery performance, predicting failure and degradation during high-rate charge and discharge is still a challenge. Even highly detailed battery models routinely assume that electrodes are macro-homogeneous and isotropic; however, even well-made commercial electrodes are not necessarily homogeneous or isotropic.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplay of Electrode Heterogeneity and Lithium Plating

Hamedi

Pouraghajan

Sun

et al. 2022

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Lateral microstructure heterogeneity in anodes is known to induce nonuniform current density, state of charge, and lithium plating. This means that such electrode heterogeneity can limit fast charging of lithium-ion batteries. In this work, a combination of experiments and simulation is employed to understand the effect of mm scale lateral heterogeneity on cell aging. A previously developed model was extended to efficiently simulate SEI formation and Li plating for independent regions of an electrode. The model consists of three parallel regions each described under a P2D framework and with a distinct ionic resistance and possibly active material loading. The results suggest that during fast charge when the active material is uniformly distributed across the three regions, the region with the highest resistance reaches the end of life sooner than the other regions. There is also positive feedback from Li metal filling the pores near the separator interface that further accelerates lithium plating. Finally, when there is a non-uniform active material distribution associated with the ionic resistance heterogeneity, tight competition between regions can occur, leading to less overall lithium plating and plating that is more uniform between regions.

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Temperature and Lithium Concentration Gradient Caused Inhomogeneous Plating in Large-format Lithium-ion Cells

Cited by 25 publications

References 37 publications

Thermal Transients to Accelerate Cyclic Aging of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Thermal Transients to Accelerate Cyclic Aging of Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Modeling the Impact of Electrolyte Flow on Heat Management in a Li-Ion Convection Cell

Interplay of Electrode Heterogeneity and Lithium Plating

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