Temperature and pH optima for 21 species of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi

Rosenberg, S. L.

doi:10.1139/m75-225

Cited by 62 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Myceliophthora thermophile) at 65°C, and Ofosu-Asiedu and Smith (1973) found Talaromyces emersonii still to be very active after four weeks at 60°C indicating that the fungus might be active at even higher temperatures. However, the growth of the fungus near the temperature maximum is very slow compared to that at the optimum temperature (Rosenberg, 1975).…”

Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi which are known to have cellulolytic or ligninolytic activity, or which have been found growing in lignocellulose substrate or compost, are listed in Table 2. Cooney and Emerson (1964), Crisan (1973), Rosenberg (1975), Brock (1978) and Mouchacca (1997) have enumerated several species and varieties of thermophilic fungi. The growth temperature optimum for most thermophilic fungi is between 40°C and 50°C and the maximum is 55°C (See Table 2).…”

Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review

Tuomela

Vikman

Hatakka

et al. 2000

Bioresource Technology

1,031

455

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Composting is nowadays a general treatment method for municipal solid waste. Compostable household waste contains, together with vegetable material, varying amounts of papers and boards. In the European Union composting is regarded as one recycling method for packages and this will probably favour compostable packages, like papers and boards, in the future. Paper is made up of lignocellulose and it may contain up to 20% of lignin. Ecient degradation of papers in composting plants means that biodegradation of lignin is also needed. However, very little is known about lignin degradation by mixed microbial compost populations, although lignin degradation by white-rot fungi has been extensively studied in recent years. Organic material is converted to carbon dioxide, humus, and heat by compost microorganisms. It is assumed that humus is formed mainly from lignin. Thus, lignin is not totally mineralized during composting. The elevated temperatures found during the thermophilic phase are essential for rapid degradation of lignocellulose. Complex organic compounds like lignin are mainly degraded by thermophilic microfungi and actinomycetes. The optimum temperature for thermophilic fungi is 40±50°C which is also the optimum temperature for lignin degradation in compost. Ó

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Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Fungimentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review

Tuomela

Vikman

Hatakka

et al. 2000

Bioresource Technology

1,031

455

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“…." Rosenberg (218) reported that nearly half of the species of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi tested required 0.01% yeast extract for growth in a solid medium. Wali et al (260) reported that for growth in a liquid medium containing glucose and ammonium sulfate, the thermophilic fungi required a supplementation of succinic acid, a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate.…”

Section: Growth Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermophilic Fungi: Their Physiology and Enzymes

Maheshwari

Bharadwaj

Bhat

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

658

380

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SUMMARY Thermophilic fungi are a small assemblage in mycota that have a minimum temperature of growth at or above 20°C and a maximum temperature of growth extending up to 60 to 62°C. As the only representatives of eukaryotic organisms that can grow at temperatures above 45°C, the thermophilic fungi are valuable experimental systems for investigations of mechanisms that allow growth at moderately high temperature yet limit their growth beyond 60 to 62°C. Although widespread in terrestrial habitats, they have remained underexplored compared to thermophilic species of eubacteria and archaea. However, thermophilic fungi are potential sources of enzymes with scientific and commercial interests. This review, for the first time, compiles information on the physiology and enzymes of thermophilic fungi. Thermophilic fungi can be grown in minimal media with metabolic rates and growth yields comparable to those of mesophilic fungi. Studies of their growth kinetics, respiration, mixed-substrate utilization, nutrient uptake, and protein breakdown rate have provided some basic information not only on thermophilic fungi but also on filamentous fungi in general. Some species have the ability to grow at ambient temperatures if cultures are initiated with germinated spores or mycelial inoculum or if a nutritionally rich medium is used. Thermophilic fungi have a powerful ability to degrade polysaccharide constituents of biomass. The properties of their enzymes show differences not only among species but also among strains of the same species. Their extracellular enzymes display temperature optima for activity that are close to or above the optimum temperature for the growth of organism and, in general, are more heat stable than those of the mesophilic fungi. Some extracellular enzymes from thermophilic fungi are being produced commercially, and a few others have commercial prospects. Genes of thermophilic fungi encoding lipase, protease, xylanase, and cellulase have been cloned and overexpressed in heterologous fungi, and pure crystalline proteins have been obtained for elucidation of the mechanisms of their intrinsic thermostability and catalysis. By contrast, the thermal stability of the few intracellular enzymes that have been purified is comparable to or, in some cases, lower than that of enzymes from the mesophilic fungi. Although rigorous data are lacking, it appears that eukaryotic thermophily involves several mechanisms of stabilization of enzymes or optimization of their activity, with different mechanisms operating for different enzymes.

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“…thermophilum. The temperatures should be close to 45 "C (Rosenberg, 1975) and excessive levels of free NH3 should be avoided (see above). A 'tunnel' system is adequate to produce compost omitting phase I (Perrin & Gaze, 1987;Gerrits, 1987).…”

Section: G S T R a A T S M A A N D Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics of Scytalidium thermophilum in Mushroom Compost and Stimulatory Effects on Growth Rate and Yield of Agaricus bisporus

Straatsma¹,

Gerrits²,

Augustijn

et al. 1989

Microbiology

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Mycelial growth of Agaricus bisporus on sterilized compost is strongly stimulated by preincubating the compost with the thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum. This stimulatory effect is not species specific, for either A . bisporus or S. thermophilum. Normal mushroom compost is almost completely colonized with S. thermophilum. In experimental composts a positive relation was found between the logarithm of mushroom yield of A . bisporus and the density of S. thermophilum. S. thermophilum provides for compost selectivity: it protects against negative effects of compost bacteria on mycelial growth of A . bisporus. S. thermophilum is inactivated by the growth of A . bisporus mycelium. INTRODUCTIONThe edible white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach is cultivated in the western hemisphere on a substrate consisting of a composted mixture of horse manure, wheat straw, chicken manure and gypsum. Conventionally two composting phases are distinguished (Sinden & Hauser, 1950;Fermor et al., 1985). Phase I is an outdoor fermentation process during which NH3 and unpleasant-smelling compounds are emitted into the environment. Phase I1 is an indoor process of pasteurization followed by conditioning at approximately 45 "C. This can either be performed in limited quantities in mushroom houses or in bulk in 'tunnels'. In mushroom houses self-heating of the compost is controlled by ventilating air around layers of up to 30cm thick contained in trays or beds. In tunnels air is forced through the body of the compost, allowing a more accurate control, and layers up to 250 cm can be processed (Derks, 1973 ;Gerrits, 1988 a).If phase I were carried out indoors waste air could be treated before discharge, preventing the release of ammonia. A combined phase I and phase I1 indoor process as introduced by Lambert (1941) could prevent further environmental problems as preliminary results of our group P. J. L. Derikx, personal communication) indicate that the release of fetid volatiles is prevented in phase I1 carried out in tunnels. Recent experiments suggest that combined phase I and phase I1 indoor composting is feasible (Laborde et al., 1987;Perrin & Gaze, 1987;Gerrits, 1987). Perrin & Gaze (1987 and Gerrits (1987) processed raw moistened materials in tunnels and followed phase I1 procedures only. Good mushroom yields were obtained.The basic nutritional requirements of A. bisporus in vitro are already known (Wood & Fermor, 1985) and easily met by compost. However, successful colonization and use of compost by A. bisporus depends strongly on ecological properties, usually referred to as 'compost selectivity'. It is largely unknown how selectivity can be described in chemical or biological terms. Obviously the rate of substrate colonization during the vegetative phase of mushroom culture is important.

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Temperature and pH optima for 21 species of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi

Cited by 62 publications

References 10 publications

Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review

Biodegradation of lignin in a compost environment: a review

Thermophilic Fungi: Their Physiology and Enzymes

Population Dynamics of Scytalidium thermophilum in Mushroom Compost and Stimulatory Effects on Growth Rate and Yield of Agaricus bisporus

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