Temperature as a Modifier of Plant–Herbivore Interaction

Yang, Shiyong; Ruuhola, Teija; Haviola, Sanna; Rantala, Markus J.

doi:10.1007/s10886-006-9239-0

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Although in earlier studies we demonstrated that PPOs are rapidly induced by herbivory on birch (Ruuhola and Yang 2006;Yang et al 2007), this is the Wrst study in which PPOs were shown to correlate negatively with the performance of autumnal moth larvae. Interestingly, in our earlier study, we found that temperature interacts with wounding: at 12°C herbivory decreased PPO activity whereas at 24°C, herbivory induced the activity ); thus temperature may have an important role in the defence of birches against moth larvae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…poplar (Constabel et al 2000;Haruta et al 2001) and aspen (Tscharntke et al 2001), oxidases play an important role in defence against multiple herbivores, although their role in the defence of other tree species has largely been ignored. In our earlier studies, we demonstrated that both birch PODs (Ruuhola and Yang 2006) and PPOs (Ruuhola and Yang 2006;Yang et al 2007) are induced by herbivory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Foliar oxidases as mediators of the rapidly induced resistance of mountain birch against Epirrita autumnata

et al. 2007

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Induced resistance of the mountain birch against its main defoliator Epirrita autumnata is a well-characterized phenomenon. The causal mechanism for this induced deterioration, however, has not been unequivocally explained, and no individual compound or group of traditional defensive compounds has been shown to explain the phenomenon. Phenolic compounds are the main secondary metabolites in mountain birch leaves, and the biological activity of phenolics usually depends on their oxidation. In this study, we found that the activity of polyphenoloxidases (PPOs), enzymes that oxidize o-diphenols to o-diquinones, was induced in trees with introduced larvae, and bioassays showed that both growth and consumption rates of larvae were reduced in damaged trees. PPO activity was negatively associated with both larval growth and consumption rates in trees with bagged larvae, but not in control trees. Our results suggest that the oxidation of phenolics by PPOs may be a causal explanation for the rapidly induced resistance of mountain birch against E. autumnata. This finding also helps to explain why correlations between insect performance and phenolics (without measuring indices explaining their oxidation) may not produce consistent results.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Foliar oxidases as mediators of the rapidly induced resistance of mountain birch against Epirrita autumnata

et al. 2007

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“…Herbivory but not UV-B exposure increased the activities of birch PPOs and the effect of herbivory on the birch phenolics was stronger than the effect of UV-B. In earlier studies with mountain birch, PPO activities were induced by herbivore wounding (Ruuhola and Yang 2006;Yang et al 2007a;Ruuhola et al 2008). However, due to the use of clonal material, the differences between control plants and herbivore-treated plants were clearer and more marked in the current study: the greatest difference being a ca.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…In spite of numerous studies, researchers have not been able to link the performance of the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata Borkhausen) to the content of a certain phenolic compound and the results of different studies have been variable (Haukioja 2003). One explanation could be that some phenolics may require enzymes to activate their defensive properties (Ruuhola et al 2008) such as peroxidases (PODs) or polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) that are both induced by herbivore attacks and wounding (Felton et al 1989;Tscharntke et al 2001;Ruuhola and Yang 2006;Yang et al 2007a;Ruuhola et al 2008). PODs and PPOs catalyse the conversion of plant diphenols to reactive quinones, which bind to amino acids and proteins, decreasing the nutritive value of plants (Felton et al 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation on a plant–herbivore interaction

et al. 2010

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Enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation may have multiple effects on both plants and animals and affect plant-herbivore interactions directly and indirectly by inducing changes in host plant quality. In this study, we examined combined effects of UV-B and herbivory on the defence of the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) and also the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on a geometrid with an outbreak cycle: the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata). We established an experiment mimicking ozone depletion of 30% (a relevant level when simulating ozone depletion above Northern Lapland). Both arctic species responded only slightly to the enhanced level of UV-B radiation, which may indicate that these species are already adapted to a broader range of UV-B radiation. UV-B exposure slightly induced the accumulation of myricetin glycosides but had no significant effect on the contents of quercetin or kaempferol derivatives. Mountain birch seedlings responded more efficiently to herbivory wounding than to enhanced UV-B exposure. Herbivory induced the activities of foliar oxidases that had earlier been shown to impair both feeding and growth of moth larvae. In contrast, the contents of foliar phenolics did not show the same response in different clones, except for a decrease in the contents of tannin precursors. The induction of foliar phenoloxidase activities is a specific defence response of mountain birches against insect herbivory. To conclude, our results do not support the hypothesis that the outbreak cycle of the autumnal moth can be explained by the cycles of solar activity and UV-B.

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“…Thus enzyme activities alone probably do not dictate the impact of oxidation on herbivores; rather, enzymatic activities interact with the level of available substrates, possibly also with the level of target molecules, in determining resistance against folivores (see Bi et al 1997). Spatial and temporal variation in the activities of foliar enzymes, together with the rapid inducibility of enzymes by herbivory (see Ruuhola & Yang 2006;Yang et al in press), make birches a very unpredictable source of food; together with the high variability in the contents of primary and secondary compounds, this may lead to patchy feeding. Kaitaniemi et al (2004) showed that tree architecture interacts with defoliation treatment in determining tree suitability for autumnal moth larvae.…”

Section: Implications For Ecological Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and spatial variation in mountain birch foliar enzyme activities during the larval period of Epirrita autumnata

2007

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Mountain birches are deciduous trees consisting of several clonal and partly autonomous ramets. Autumnal moth, Epirrita autumnata, is an extremely harmful pest of mountain birches that during outbreak years may cause the death of trees over large areas. During the larval development of E. autumnata, leaf characters and nutritional suitability vary considerably both temporally and spatially among and within mountain birches. Compared to variation between trees, however, the extent of within-tree variation is known for only a limited number of potentially defensive traits. Plant oxidases, polyphenoloxidases (PPOs) and peroxidases (PODs) may play an important part in dictating the suitability of a tree for plant-eating animals, including E. autumnata. In this study, we observed changes in the activities of oxidative and antioxidative enzymes along leaf development during the larval period of E. autumnata. We also estimated the relative amounts of spatial variation among and within trees. Our results show that POD activities were remarkably high during the rapid elongation growth phase of leaves but decreased with leaf maturation. Thus PODs are suggested to take part in leaf elongation growth. Time and within tree variation accounted for the most of variation in POD activities whereas there was no among tree variation. In contrast, the activities of antioxidative CATs, which act as antagonists to PODs, were low in young leaves and increased towards leaf maturation, reflecting an increase in the oxidative status of source leaves. Within tree variation accounted for the most of the variation in CAT activities. The absolute PPO activities decreased along leaf growth due to the dilution effect whereas the specific activity of PPOs, which has been shown to be defensive against E. autumnata larvae, did not vary temporally that might reflect the importance of these enzymes in the defence of birches. Acidic PPOs showed marked withinand among-tree variation, which may impact herbivores performance on certain genotypes and increase larval mobility within the tree canopy.

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Temperature as a Modifier of Plant–Herbivore Interaction

Cited by 11 publications

References 41 publications

Foliar oxidases as mediators of the rapidly induced resistance of mountain birch against Epirrita autumnata

Foliar oxidases as mediators of the rapidly induced resistance of mountain birch against Epirrita autumnata

Effects of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation on a plant–herbivore interaction

Temporal and spatial variation in mountain birch foliar enzyme activities during the larval period of Epirrita autumnata

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