“…Under freezing conditions, ice and snow fill the road surface voids and reduce the depth of the structure, hindering the direct contact between the tires and the road surface, and the anti-skid performance is then seriously reduced [7,[18][19][20], resulting in the loss of the original stability of the vehicle braking and an increase in the braking distance, which poses a potential hazard to driving safety. There are other pollutants on the road surface, such as sand, salt, and oil leakage, which will also negatively affect the anti-skid performance of the road [21,22] over a long period of time; as the wheels roll over, these pollutants on the road surface are diffused, leading to compaction, thus blocking the asphalt pavement gaps and reducing the roughness of the road surface, so that the road surface loses its original anti-skid performance, especially in the presence of wind-accumulated sand. In addition, changes in temperature also affect the anti-skid performance of pavements [23,24], and the anti-skid performance in summer is generally lower than that in winter under the conditions of a clean road surface.…”