Temperature dependence of gain-guided vertical-cavity surface emitting laser polarization

Choquette, Kent D.; Richie, D. A.; Leibenguth, R. E.

doi:10.1063/1.111737

Cited by 221 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The eigen polarizations of the GaAs VeSEL's have a random orientation in the plane of the quantum wells, which can vary between neighboring lasers and vary with repeated measurements and/or operating temperature for a given laser [2]. In contrast, the InGaAs VeSEL's in this study exhibit eigen polarizations that are always parallel with the (110) crystal axes (denoted as 0 and 90°) over a wide range of temperatures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…However, this can be particularly challenging in a VeSEL since each electromagnetic field distribution possesses two linear orthogonal transverse electric eigen polarizations which can share the laser output power. [1], [2]. Moreover, higher-order transverse modes tend to be orthogonally polarized from the dominant fundamental polarization state [3].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, higher-order transverse modes tend to be orthogonally polarized from the dominant fundamental polarization state [3]. These two effects can conspire to produce polarization partitioning noise [2] and/or an unspecified polarization state in the VeSEL output.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gain-dependent polarization properties of vertical-cavity lasers

Choquette

Schneider

Lear

et al. 1995

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

254

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Abstract-We show that the partitioning of power into the two orthogonal eigen polarizations of infra-red gain-guided verticalcavity lasers depends upon the relative spectral overlap of the nondegenerate polarization cavity resonances with the laser gain spectrum. Furthermore, at the condition where the polarization resonances and the peak laser gain are aligned, abrupt switching of power between the eigen polarizations is observed as the gain sweeps through the polarization resonances. The gain-dependence of the polarization requires spectral splitting between the eigen polarizations, which is found to be strongly influenced by local strain. The polarization of the fundamental and higher-order spatial modes can be selected and maintained for all InGaAs vertical-cavity lasers in a wafer simply by employing a 20 nm or greater blue-shift offset of the peak laser gain relative to the cavity resonances.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gain-dependent polarization properties of vertical-cavity lasers

Choquette

Schneider

Lear

et al. 1995

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

254

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“…The specific dynamics of VCSELs has been studied intensively for more than 20 years [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] , and polarization chaos has only been observed once, recently and only in nanostructured devices. Yet the theoretical framework reproducing accurately the observed dynamics does not take the specificities of the nanostructures into account 5,6 , which therefore raises the question: why has this dynamics never been observed in standard, commercial VCSELs before?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Noise induced stabilization of chaotic free-running laser diode

Virte

2016

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

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In this paper, we investigate theoretically the stabilization of a free-running vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser exhibiting polarization chaos dynamics. We report the existence of a boundary isolating the chaotic attractor on one side and a steady-state on the other side, and identify the unstable periodic orbit playing the role of separatrix. In addition, we highlight a small range of parameters where the chaotic attractor passes through this boundary, and therefore where chaos only appears as a transient behaviour. Then, including the effect of spontaneous emission noise in the laser, we demonstrate that, for realistic levels of noise, the system is systematically pushed over the separating solution. As a result, we show that the chaotic dynamics cannot be sustained unless the steady-state on the other side of the separatrix becomes unstable. Finally, we link the stability of this steady-state to a small value of the birefringence in the laser cavity and discuss the significance of this result on future experimental work.Semiconductor lasers -or laser diodes -are small, efficient and cheap laser devices and therefore are widely used for industrial applications. To generate a chaotic output however, since they typically behave as damped oscillators, an external perturbation such as optical feedback or modulation is required 1 .But recently, it has been shown that some specific semiconductor laser structures -namely Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting lasers (VCSELs) -could generate chaotic polarization fluctuations without the need for an external forcing due to a competition between two modes in the laser cavity 2 . The specific dynamics of VCSELs has been studied intensively for more than 20 years 3-11 , and polarization chaos has only been observed once, recently and only in nanostructured devices. Yet the theoretical framework reproducing accurately the observed dynamics does not take the specificities of the nanostructures into account 5,6 , which therefore raises the question: why has this dynamics never been observed in standard, commercial VCSELs before? Here we provide some elements of answer to this question. We theoretically highlight the existence of a separatrix between the chaotic dynamics and a steady-state, and demonstrate that the noise easily pushes the system over this boundary which therefore suppresses the chaotic dynamics. Moreover, we show that this mechanism appears for a large range of parameters, and in particular when the birefringence of the laser cavity is small. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this result by comparing available experimental data between chaotic and stable devices, and show that the chaos suppression mechanism described here is coherent with experimental reports.

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“…For example, the output of a VCSEL at a low injection current is linearly polarized in one of its eigen-axes. The increase of the pump current causes the red shift of the wavelength because the refractive index of the gain medium increases with the injection current [1,2] and, therefore, the change of the polarization occurs at certain current level. Another phenomenon is the polarization self-modulation (PSM) which results from the insertion of a quarter wave plate (QWP) into the laser cavity [3,4].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical analysis of a dual polarization mode-locked laser with a quarter wave plate

Yang

2004

Optics Communications

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Dynamical behaviors and frequency characteristics of an active mode-locked laser with a quarter wave plate (QWP) are numerically studied by using a set of vectorial laser equation. Like a polarization self-modulated laser, a frequency shift of half the cavity mode spacing exists between the eigen-modes in the two neutral axes of QWP. Within the active medium, the symmetric gain and cavity structure maintain the pulse's circular polarization with left-hand and righthand in turn for each round trip. Once the left-hand or right-hand circularly polarized pulse passes through QWP, its polarization is linear and the polarized direction is in one of the directions of AE45°with respect to the neutral axes of QWP. The output components in the directions of AE45°from the mirror close to QWP are all linearly polarized with a period of twice the round-trip time.

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Temperature dependence of gain-guided vertical-cavity surface emitting laser polarization

Cited by 221 publications

References 13 publications

Gain-dependent polarization properties of vertical-cavity lasers

Gain-dependent polarization properties of vertical-cavity lasers

Noise induced stabilization of chaotic free-running laser diode

Numerical analysis of a dual polarization mode-locked laser with a quarter wave plate

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