Temperature dependence of water content of stratum corneum

Spencer, Thomas S.; Linamen, C.E.; Akers, William A.; Jones, Haven

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb06735.x

Cited by 56 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A study on human skin showed that the SC water content decreased together with temperature, and that the relationship was stronger with low RH (<60%) (Table ) .…”

Section: Low Temperature Negatively Affects Skin Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of environmental humidity and temperature on skin barrier function and dermatitis

Engebretsen

Johansen

Kežić

et al. 2015

Acad Dermatol Venereol

232

162

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Physicians are aware that climatic conditions negatively affect the skin. In particular, people living in equator far countries such as the Northern parts of Europe and North America are exposed to harsh weather during the winter and may experience dry and itchy skin, or deterioration of already existing dermatoses. We searched the literature for studies that evaluated the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Commonly used meteorological terms such as absolute humidity, relative humidity and dew point are explained. Furthermore, we review the negative effect of low humidity, low temperatures and different seasons on the skin barrier and on the risk of dermatitis. We conclude that low humidity and low temperatures lead to a general decrease in skin barrier function and increased susceptible towards mechanical stress. Since pro-inflammatory cytokines and cortisol are released by keratinocytes, and the number of dermal mast cells increases, the skin also becomes more reactive towards skin irritants and allergens. Collectively, published data show that cold and dry weather increase the prevalence and risk of flares in patients with atopic dermatitis.

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“…A study on human skin showed that the SC water content decreased together with temperature, and that the relationship was stronger with low RH (<60%) (Table ) .…”

Section: Low Temperature Negatively Affects Skin Barrier Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of environmental humidity and temperature on skin barrier function and dermatitis

Engebretsen

Johansen

Kežić

et al. 2015

Acad Dermatol Venereol

232

162

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, conclusions based on these results may not reflect the actual energetics of sorption of water in SC. Spencer et al27 performed a similar set of studies with the opposite result, that is, ΔH iso was found to be positive (endothermic reaction) although the magnitude still decreased with increasing water content. The limitations of these results draw our attention to calorimetry, which can produce direct information about the heat of sorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Thermodynamics of Water Interaction with Human Stratum Corneum I: Measurement by Isothermal Calorimetry

Yadav

Pinto

Kasting

2007

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…This gradual water flux is dependent, to a slight extent, upon the thickness of the stratum corneum (being smaller for thicker tissue layers within each region [35,36]), the size of the intervening corneocytes (inverse relationship [29]), local tissue temperature (greater when warmed [37-39]), the boundary-layer water vapour pressure (greater at lower vapour pressures [13,39,40]) and even posture (greater when upright [33]). However, it is not influenced by changes in cutaneous blood flow, unless there is a corresponding elevation in local tissue temperature [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans

2013

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Literature from the past 168 years has been filtered to provide a unified summary of the regional distribution of cutaneous water and electrolyte losses. The former occurs via transepidermal water vapour diffusion and secretion from the eccrine sweat glands. Daily insensible water losses for a standardised individual (surface area 1.8 m2) will be 0.6–2.3 L, with the hands (80–160 g.h−1) and feet (50–150 g.h−1) losing the most, the head and neck losing intermediate amounts (40–75 g.h−1) and all remaining sites losing 15–60 g.h−1. Whilst sweat gland densities vary widely across the skin surface, this same individual would possess some 2.03 million functional glands, with the highest density on the volar surfaces of the fingers (530 glands.cm−2) and the lowest on the upper lip (16 glands.cm−2). During passive heating that results in a resting whole-body sweat rate of approximately 0.4 L.min−1, the forehead (0.99 mg.cm−2.min−1), dorsal fingers (0.62 mg.cm−2.min−1) and upper back (0.59 mg.cm−2.min−1) would display the highest sweat flows, whilst the medial thighs and anterior legs will secrete the least (both 0.12 mg.cm−2.min−1). Since sweat glands selectively reabsorb electrolytes, the sodium and chloride composition of discharged sweat varies with secretion rate. Across whole-body sweat rates from 0.72 to 3.65 mg.cm−2.min−1, sodium losses of 26.5–49.7 mmol.L−1 could be expected, with the corresponding chloride loss being 26.8–36.7 mmol.L−1. Nevertheless, there can be threefold differences in electrolyte losses across skin regions. When exercising in the heat, local sweat rates increase dramatically, with regional glandular flows becoming more homogeneous. However, intra-regional evaporative potential remains proportional to each local surface area. Thus, there is little evidence that regional sudomotor variations reflect an hierarchical distribution of sweating either at rest or during exercise.

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Temperature dependence of water content of stratum corneum

Cited by 56 publications

References 4 publications

The effect of environmental humidity and temperature on skin barrier function and dermatitis

The effect of environmental humidity and temperature on skin barrier function and dermatitis

Thermodynamics of Water Interaction with Human Stratum Corneum I: Measurement by Isothermal Calorimetry

Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans

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