Temperature-dependent flagellar antigen phase variation in

Ratiner, Yuli A.

doi:10.1016/s0923-2508(99)00111-4

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Environmental or intracellular stress conditions that result in DNA supercoiling can modify phase variation switching frequency (445). Some systems are regulated by information about the cell's location, outside or within a host or a tissue, that can be given by the temperature (446,447) or the composition of the environment (pH [448], carbon sources [449], oxygen [450] and iron [451] levels, amino acid concentrations [446], or the presence of specific elements [452]). Certain mechanisms answer to eukaryotic host-specific signal molecules, such as the presence of sialic acid, which is released by the host as a defense mechanism (453).…”

Section: Consequences Of Genome Instability In Bacteria Phase and Antmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Genome Instability

Darmon

Leach

2014

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

348

289

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SUMMARY Bacterial genomes are remarkably stable from one generation to the next but are plastic on an evolutionary time scale, substantially shaped by horizontal gene transfer, genome rearrangement, and the activities of mobile DNA elements. This implies the existence of a delicate balance between the maintenance of genome stability and the tolerance of genome instability. In this review, we describe the specialized genetic elements and the endogenous processes that contribute to genome instability. We then discuss the consequences of genome instability at the physiological level, where cells have harnessed instability to mediate phase and antigenic variation, and at the evolutionary level, where horizontal gene transfer has played an important role. Indeed, this ability to share DNA sequences has played a major part in the evolution of life on Earth. The evolutionary plasticity of bacterial genomes, coupled with the vast numbers of bacteria on the planet, substantially limits our ability to control disease.

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Section: Consequences Of Genome Instability In Bacteria Phase and Antmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Genome Instability

Darmon

Leach

2014

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

348

289

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“…4 Currently, some isolates are generally not very motile and non-typeable and several difficulties have been observed, when the H serotyping of E. coli was applied as a routine laboratory standard. 1,2,5 To confirm putative new H-antigens, hyperimmune rabbit antisera were produced and endpoint agglutination tests with all known H-group reference strains were used to confirm specificity. Six antisera obtained against non-typeable H antigen crossreacted with the reference H-antigen, but the fliC(F) and fliC(M) patterns results were distinct.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 However, several difficulties have been observed, when the H serotyping of E. coli is applied as routine laboratory standard: (I) the expression of H-antigens can be dependent on various environmental signals and identification of the complete set of serotypes is a time-consuming process and requires the use of 53 specific antisera; and (II) there is a great deal of cross-reactions among E. coli strains. 1,2,5 The flagellum (the organelle responsible for motility) consists of repeated subunits of the protein flagellin (fliC). The flagellin proteins are conserved in their terminal domains, whereas, the central domain is variable and carries serotype-specific epitopes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of putative new Escherichia coli flagellar antigens from human origin using serology, PCR-RFlP and DNA sequencing methods

Tiba¹,

Moura²,

Carazzolle³

et al. 2011

Braz J Infect Dis

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Escherichia coli has been isolated frequently, showing flagellar antigens that are not recognized by any of the 53 antisera, provided by the most important reference center of E. coli, The International Escherichia and Klebsiella Center (WHO) of the Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark. The objective of this study was to characterize flagellar antigens of E. coli that express non-typeable H antigens. The methods used were serology, PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing. This characterization was performed by gene amplification of the fliC (flagellin protein) by polymerase chain reaction in all 53 standards E.coli strains for the H antigens and 20 E. coli strains for which the H antigen was untypeable. The amplicons were digested by restriction enzymes, and different restriction enzyme profiles were observed. Anti-sera were produced in rabbits, for the non-typeable strains, and agglutination tests were carried out. In conclusion,the results showed that although non-typeable and typable H antigens strains had similar flagellar antigens, the two types of strains were distinct in terms of nucleotide sequence, and did not phenotypically react with the standard antiserum, as expected. Thirteen strains had been characterized as likely putative new H antigen using PCR-RFLP techniques, DNA sequencing and/or serology.

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“…The diversity and genetics of H antigens are complex in the natural population of the E. coli species. Numerous different flagellar antigens and at least five different flagellin-specifying loci, fliC (fliCЈ and fliCЉ), flkA, fllA, and flmA, are distributed at distantly located positions on the chromosomes (23,26,27) among the strains of the species. About 15% of the H-antigen test strains possess nonfliC or double fliC (one strain) flagellin-encoding genes (26).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In all, 53 E. coli H antigens have been officially registered and named by successive numbers in order of their description: H1 to H12, H14 to H21, H23 to H49, and H51 to H56 (4,20). However, the variety of flagellar antigens in the E. coli natural population is much greater: there are other H antigens serologically unrelated to the 53 reference antigens (24,27,28,31), and fine serological distinctions exist between antigens of the same name (number) in different strains. This concerns many H antigens (for instance, H1, H2, H3, H4, H6, H7, H8, H10, H12, H18, and H34), and special designations such as H7a,7b and H7a,7c (briefly, H7a,b and H7a,c, respectively) have been proposed as designations for the subtypes (2,17,18,19,21,29,30,32).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Serology and Genetics of the Flagellar Antigen ofEscherichia coliO157:H7a,7c

et al. 2003

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We have now studied 13 STEC O157:H7 strains and 1 O55:H7 strain that were epidemiologically unrelated, that originated from six countries on two continents, and that had different profiles when analyzed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and PCR for stx and eae. They were all found to possess the H7a,c flagellar antigen. Serum cross-absorption assays confirmed that their H antigens were indistinguishable from each other and from that of E. coli O55:H7a,c but differed from the standard H7a,b antigen of E. coli H test strain U5/41. It was shown by phage-mediated transduction that the flagellin genes for these two H-antigen subserotypes were alleles of the E. coli fliC locus. On the basis of the serological data obtained in this study and the molecular characteristics of E. coli fliC H7 alleles recently published, it is inferred that H7a,c and H7a,b are the main serological subtypes of the group of E. coli H7 flagellins.Escherichia coli flagella, called the H antigen in classical bacteriology, are fine long tubular structures, the walls of which consist of flagellin subunits. The serological specificities of the H antigens are determined by epitopes that are displayed exclusively on the outer flagellar surface and that are recognizable by the classical method of agglutination of flagellated whole bacterial cells.Absorbed monovalent H-antigen antisera are highly specific in H-antigen identification (4,25,39,43). The diversity and genetics of H antigens are complex in the natural population of the E. coli species. Numerous different flagellar antigens and at least five different flagellin-specifying loci, fliC (fliCЈ and fliCЉ), flkA, fllA, and flmA, are distributed at distantly located positions on the chromosomes (23,26,27) among the strains of the species. About 15% of the H-antigen test strains possess nonfliC or double fliC (one strain) flagellin-encoding genes (26). In all, 53 E. coli H antigens have been officially registered and named by successive numbers in order of their description: H1 to H12, H14 to H21, H23 to H49, and H51 to H56 (4, 20). However, the variety of flagellar antigens in the E. coli natural population is much greater: there are other H antigens serologically unrelated to the 53 reference antigens (24,27,28,31), and fine serological distinctions exist between antigens of the same name (number) in different strains. This concerns many H antigens (for instance, H1, H2, H3, H4, H6, H7, H8, H10, H12, H18, and H34), and special designations such as H7a,7b and H7a,7c (briefly, H7a,b and H7a,c, respectively) have been proposed as designations for the subtypes (2,17,18,19,21,29,30,32). Thus, some E. coli O:H serotypes may consist of several distinct H subserotypes that differ in the fine structures of their H antigens, e.g., O55:H2a,b and O55: H2a,c (30, 32).E. coli O55:H7 is considered an ancestor of E. coli O157:H7 (5, 41, 42). Two variants of the former serotype have been reported; one (O55:H7a,c) possesses an H antigen distinct from the standard H7 antigen ...

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Temperature-dependent flagellar antigen phase variation in

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Bacterial Genome Instability

Bacterial Genome Instability

Identification of putative new Escherichia coli flagellar antigens from human origin using serology, PCR-RFlP and DNA sequencing methods

Serology and Genetics of the Flagellar Antigen ofEscherichia coliO157:H7a,7c

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