Temperature-dependent H/D exchange of compact and elongated cytochrome c ions in the gas phase

The conformations of gas-phase ions of hemoglobin, and its dimer and monomer subunits have been studied with H/D exchange and cross section measurements. During the H/D exchange measurements, tetramers undergo slow dissociation to dimers, and dimers to monomers, but this did not prevent drawing conclusions about the relative exchange levels of monomers, dimers, and tetramers. Assembly of the monomers into tetramers, hexamers, and octamers causes the monomers to exchange a greater fraction of their hydrogens. Dimer ions, however, exchange a lower fraction of their hydrogens than monomers or tetramers. Solvation of tetramers affects the exchange kinetics. Solvation molecules do not appear to exchange, and solvation lowers the overall exchange level of the tetramers. Cross section measurements show that monomer ions in low charge states, and tetramer ions have compact structures, comparable in size to the native conformations in solution. Dimers have remarkably compact structures, considerably smaller than the native conformation in solution and smaller than might be expected from the monomer or tetramer cross sections. This is consistent with the relatively low level of exchange of the dimers. . Electrospray ionization has allowed the study of protein ions in the gas phase, free of water. In the absence of water, monomeric proteins can adopt compact conformations similar to the solution conformations, but also extended conformations far removed from the native state [2,3]. Much of the current understanding of the "size" of protein ions in the gas phase comes from physical methods of measuring collision cross sections using ion mobility spectrometry at pressures of a few Torr [4 -7], at atmospheric pressure [8], or at pressures of ca. 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 Torr [7,9,10]. Measurements of ion kinetic energy loss in triple quadrupole systems have also been used to determine collision cross sections of proteins [11][12][13] and protein-ligand complexes [11,14,15]. Chemical probes of protein conformation have been used as well, with much of the work using gas-phase hydrogen deuterium exchange (H/Dx) of trapped ions, either in linear [16 -19] or 3D [20] quadrupole ion traps, or ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) mass spectrometers [21][22][23][24][25].The study of the structure of monomeric proteins in the gas phase has been extended to assemblies containing more than one protein. Ion mobility measurements of complex macromolecular protein complexes at atmospheric pressure [8] or at a pressures of ca. 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 Torr have shown some success [9,10]. The resolution of these experiments, ca. 5-20, is lower than more conventional mobility measurements at pressures of a few Torr.Protein-protein and protein-ligand complexes can be studied by gas-phase H/Dx of trapped ions. The pressures of deuterating reagent in linear trap experiments can be ϳ5 ϫ 10 Ϫ3 Torr, ca. 10 3 times greater than used in 3D traps [20], 10 1 to 10 2 times greater than used in mobility experiments [26,27], and 10 3 to 10 4 times greater than in ICR experiments [21][22][2...

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Gas-phase H/D exchange and collision cross sections of hemoglobin monomers, dimers, and tetramers

Wright

Douglas

2009

“…Three exchanges are observed for arginine and argininecontaining tri-peptide [M ϩ H] [15]. Valentine and Clemmer used ion mobility-mass spectrometry to examine the conformation dependence of H/D exchange reactions, and suggested that ion conformation has a significant effect on H/D exchange [16,17].Compared with the intensive investigations carried out on the conformational characterization of peptides and proteins using solution-phase H/D exchange reaction chemistry, the corresponding gas-phase studies are much less comprehensive. The key question regarding gas-phase H/D exchange is: does the "solvent molecule," i.e., H/D exchange reagent, sample the entire "available surface area" of the peptide/protein ion, or is H/D exchange limited by other factors?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A mechanistic study of the H/D exchange reactions of protonated arginine and arginine-containing Di- and tripeptides

Huang

Marini

McLean

et al. 2009

The gas-phase H/D exchange reactions of arginine (R) and arginine-containing di-and tri-peptide (gly-arg (GR), arg-gly (RG), gly-gly-arg (GGR), gly-arg-gly (GRG) and arg-gly-gly (RGG)) [M ϩ H] ϩ ions with deuterated ammonia (ND 3 ) were investigated by using Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), ab initio and density functional theory-based molecular orbital calculations and molecular modeling. Three exchanges are observed for arginine and argininecontaining tri-peptide [M ϩ H] [15]. Valentine and Clemmer used ion mobility-mass spectrometry to examine the conformation dependence of H/D exchange reactions, and suggested that ion conformation has a significant effect on H/D exchange [16,17].Compared with the intensive investigations carried out on the conformational characterization of peptides and proteins using solution-phase H/D exchange reaction chemistry, the corresponding gas-phase studies are much less comprehensive. The key question regarding gas-phase H/D exchange is: does the "solvent molecule," i.e., H/D exchange reagent, sample the entire "available surface area" of the peptide/protein ion, or is H/D exchange limited by other factors? For example, are all solution phase labile hydrogen atoms exchangeable in the gas phase and are the reactivities of all exchangeable hydrogen atoms similar? Dookeran and Harrison studied the H/D exchange reactions of 18 naturally occurring amino acids and selected di-and tripeptides with ND 3 , and reported that amino acid [M ϩ H] ϩ ions containing hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine side chains exchange all labile hydrogen atoms, whereas the side-chain hydrogen atoms of glutamine, asparagine, and histidine [M ϩ H] ϩ ions exchange less readily, and tyrosine and arginine [M ϩ H] ϩ ions do not undergo significant exchange [18]. In a separate study, Lebrilla et al. found that the carboxylic acid group of glycine and aliphatic amino acid [M ϩ H] ϩ ions (alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and proline) undergo H/D exchange three to 10 times faster than the NAddress reprint requests to Dr.

“…Higher-order structural features of peptides have been known to affect collision-induced dissociation spectra and influence sequence assignments and fragmentation mechanisms [21][22][23][24]. While many studies have investigated the gas-phase conformations of peptides [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] and proteins [33][34][35], very few have focused on oligonucleotides [36].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-phase conformations of deprotonated trinucleotides (dGTT⁻, dTGT⁻, and dTTG⁻): the question of zwitterion formation

Gidden

Bowers

2003

The gas-phase conformations of a series of trinucleotides containing thymine (T) and guanine (G) bases were investigated for the possibility of zwitterion formation. Deprotonated dGTT Ϫ , dTGT Ϫ , and dTTG Ϫ ions were formed by MALDI and their collision cross-sections in helium measured by ion mobility based methods. dTGT Ϫ was theoretically modeled assuming a zwitterionic and non-zwitterionic structure while dGTT Ϫ and dTTG Ϫ were considered "control groups" and modeled only as non-zwitterions. In the zwitterion, G is protonated at the N7 site and the two neighboring phosphates are deprotonated. In the non-zwitterion, G is not protonated and only one phosphate group is deprotonated. Two conformers, whose cross-sections differ by 17 Ϯ 2 Å 2 , are observed for dTGT Ϫ in the 80 K experiments. Multiple conformers are also observed for dGTT Ϫ and dTTG Ϫ at 80 K, though relative cross-section differences between the conformers could not be accurately obtained. At higher temperatures (Ͼ200 K), the conformers rapidly interconvert on the experimental time scale and a single "time-averaged" conformer is observed in the ion mobility data. Theory predicts only one low-energy conformation for the zwitterionic form of dTGT Ϫ with a cross-section 8% smaller than experimental values. Additionally, the extra H ϩ on G does not bridge both phosphates. Thus, dTGT Ϫ does not appear to be a stable zwitterion in the gas-phase. Theory does, however, predict two low-energy conformers for the non-zwitterionic form of dTGT Ϫ that differ in cross-section by 18 Ϯ 3 Å 2 , in good agreement with the experiment. In the smaller cross-section form (folded conformer), G and one of the T bases are stacked while the other T folds towards the stacked pair and hydrogen bonds to G. In the larger cross-section form (open conformer), the unstacked T extends away from the T/G stacked pair. Similar folded and open conformers are predicted for all three trinucleotides, regardless of which phosphate is