Hydrological stress as a limiting factor of the invasion ofLimnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) in the Upper Paraná River (Brazil)Estresse hidrológico como fator limitante para a invasão de Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker,1857) River, including the São Simão hydroelectric reservoir. Physicochemical characteristics of the water were analysed, and a Stream Length-Gradient Index calculated for the study area. Results: Adult mussels were easily found attached to the hulls of barges that travel on this stretch of the Paraná-Tietê waterway and on vessels that were docked in the harbours of grain exporters located in São Simão (GO). However, no larvae or adults were found near the harbours or upstream from them at the São Simão hydroelectric reservoir. The pH and concentration of calcium and dissolved oxygen values among lotic habitats and the reservoir were similar: DO values were close to 7 mg.L -1 , the average pH was near 7, average values of total Ca ranged between 4 and 6 mg.L -1 and the chlorophyll-a levels were not restrictive to the mussel. Conclusion: Physical and chemical water parameters show that habitats were suitable for establishment of the mussel. In addition to a low pressure of propagules, this paper proposes some hydrological variables, such as the energy of the fluvial stretches, expressed by the Stream Length-Gradient Index and changes in flow downstream of the dam as barriers to the establishment of the species, discouraging larval settlement, and decreasing survival and recruitment.Keywords: Limnoperna fortunei, invasive species, Paraná River watershed, golden mussel. 2012, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 64-82 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X2012005000027Hydrological stress as a limiting..., o pH médio está em torno de 7, os valores médios de Ca total variam entre 4 e 6 mg.L -1 e os níveis de clorofila a não são restritivos para esta espécie de mexilhão. Conclusão: As variáveis físico-químicas da água indicam que os habitats são adequados para o estabelecimento da espécie. Além de uma baixa pressão de propágulos, este trabalho propõe algumas variáveis hidrológicas, tais como, a energia dos trechos fluviais e mudanças da vazão a jusante da barragem, como barreiras para o estabelecimento da espécie, uma vez que estes aspectos podem desfavorecer a fixação e sobrevivência das larvas e diminuir o recrutamento.Palavras-chaves: Limnoperna fortunei, espécies invasoras, Bacia do rio Paraná, mexilhão dourado.