Temperature effect on the lithium diffusion rate in graphite

Кулова, Т. Л.; Скундин, А. М.; Nizhnikovskii, E. A.; Фесенко, А. В.

doi:10.1134/s1023193506030086

Cited by 74 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Likewise, the E 1, k, p and E 1, k, n are 20 kJ mol À1 , and 30 kJ mol À1 [26,32] respectively, which depicts the activation energy for the rate constant of the positive and negative electrodes.…”

Section: P2d Model Establishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into heat generation of lithium ion batteries based on the electrochemical-thermal model at high discharge rates

Lai

Ai³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

177

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Section: P2d Model Establishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into heat generation of lithium ion batteries based on the electrochemical-thermal model at high discharge rates

Lai

Ai³

et al. 2015

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

177

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“…For a given diffusion barrier, low temperatures lead to slower kinetics of Li diffusion in the anode. This can be demonstrated by the diffusivity 28,29 …”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…with the diffusion coefficient D 0 , the diffusion barrier E D , the Boltzmann constant k B , and the absolute temperature T. Under the reasonable assumption 29 that the temperature dependency of D 0 is negligible, the ratio of the diffusivities at two different temperatures T 1 and T 2 is given by…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplay of Operational Parameters on Lithium Deposition in Lithium-Ion Cells: Systematic Measurements with Reconstructed 3-Electrode Pouch Full Cells

Waldmann

Hogg

Kasper

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

159

111

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Deposition of metallic Li is a severe aging mechanism in Lithium-ion cells. This study evaluates the influence of the main operating parameters leading to deposition of Li: temperature, charging C-rate, and end-of-charge voltage. Therefore both, graphite anodes and NMC cathodes from commercial 16Ah pouch cells are reconstructed into 3-electrode full cells Due to their comparably high energy and power densities, Lithiumion batteries are currently used in state-of-the-art electric cars.1-3 In automotive applications, battery life-times of 10 years are expected for customer acceptance. However, it is known that life-time of Lithiumion batteries is limited by aging mechanisms.4-11 One of these aging mechanisms is deposition of metallic Li on anodes. 8,[12][13][14][15] Due to the high chemical reactivity of metallic Li, it readily reacts with electrolyte leading to capacity loss of the cell. 8,9,14,16 It is known that Li deposition mainly depends on (i) charging C-rate, 14,16,17 (ii) temperature, 8,9,12,14,[16][17][18] and (iii) end-of-charge voltage/state-of-charge.14,17 Several authors reported trends for variation of only one of these parameters respectively. E.g. low temperatures during charging are reported to lead to Li plating on graphite anodes. 8,9,14,16,19 However, there is a dearth of experimental results on the topic how specific combinations of operating conditions affect Li deposition. Since such experiments are highly interesting for extension of cycle life 14,20 and improvement of cell safety, 21 this is the topic of the present paper.The reason for deposition of Li on anodes are negative anode potentials E anode vs. (Li/Li + ). 8,12,14,20 Unfortunately, in commercial cells only the cell voltageand not the anode potential vs. (Li/Li + ) can be measured. The reason is that commercial cells do not contain a third reference electrode.Measurements of E anode in full cells would allow detection of Li deposition on anodes (condition: E anode vs. (Li/Li + ) < 0 V). Indeed, by introducing an additional reference electrode, such as metallic Li, the electrode potentials are accessible. 8,12,14,20,22,23 We note that such measurements are also not possible in a halfcell configuration with e.g. either only a graphite anode vs. a Li counter electrode or only a NMC cathode vs. a Li counter electrode, since the interaction between anode and cathode is not taken into account. Instead, 3-electrode full cells with the following electrodes are required to detect Li deposition correctly: (i) anode (e.g. graphite), (ii) cathode (e.g. NMC), and (iii) reference electrode (e.g. metallic Li).Furthermore, it is well-known that the reference electrode has to be positioned near the anode in order to minimize the Ohmic drop and to measure its potential accurately. 24 For example, in aqueous z E-mail: thomas.waldmann@zsw-bw.de systems, this is achieved by a Luggin-Haber capillary. 24 Simulations by Dees et al. also showed that the best position for a reference electrode in Lithium-ion cells is between anode and cathode. 25 The same...

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“…In 1999, Botte et al 4 developed a pseudo twodimensional ͑2D͒ thermal model for Li x C 6 /LiNiO 2 cells, in which the temperature dependence of parameters [7][8][9][10] were considered and the effects of parameters on the predicted cell temperature were included. In 2003, Srinivasan and Wang 11 developed a 2D thermal model for large lithium-ion cells, in which the energy balance equation and the porous electrode model with polynomial approximations ͑PP model͒ for the solid phases were integrated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Particle Model for a Lithium-Ion Cell: Thermal Behavior

Guo

Sikha

White

2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

457

305

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The single-particle model presented by Santhanagopalan et al. ͓J. Power Sources, 156, 620 ͑2006͔͒ is extended to include an energy balance. The temperature dependence of the solid phase diffusion coefficient of the lithium in the intercalation particles, the electrochemical reaction rate constants, and the open circuit potentials ͑OCPs͒ of the positive and negative electrodes are included in the model. The solution phase polarization is approximated using a nonlinear resistance, which is a function of current and temperature. The model is used to predict the temperature and voltage profiles in a lithium-ion cell during galvanostatic operations. The single-particle thermal model is validated by comparing the simulated voltage and temperature profiles to the results obtained using a distributed porous electrode model. The simulation results from the single-particle thermal model also show good agreement with experimental voltage data obtained from lithium-ion pouch cells under different discharge rates ͑C/33, C/2 and C͒ at different temperatures ͑15, 25, 35, and 45°C͒.

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Temperature effect on the lithium diffusion rate in graphite

Cited by 74 publications

References 21 publications

Insight into heat generation of lithium ion batteries based on the electrochemical-thermal model at high discharge rates

Insight into heat generation of lithium ion batteries based on the electrochemical-thermal model at high discharge rates

Interplay of Operational Parameters on Lithium Deposition in Lithium-Ion Cells: Systematic Measurements with Reconstructed 3-Electrode Pouch Full Cells

Single-Particle Model for a Lithium-Ion Cell: Thermal Behavior

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