Temperature Effects on the HOPG Intercalation Process

Bussetti, Gianlorenzo; Yivlialin, Rossella; Goletti, C.; Zani, Maurizio; Duó, Lamberto

doi:10.3390/condmat4010023

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…HOPG is a high-quality stratified crystal, which allows a control of the electrochemical intercalation of anions. We have acquired data on the role played by the electrolytes [24], the temperature and the time effects [25,26], the electrolyte pHs [27], the structure [28] and the morphological [29] evolution of the HOPG electrode surface and paved the way to a first investigation of the buried graphite layers [30]. Finally, we succeeded in refining the current interpretation model of the involved chemical reaction [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical scanning probe analysis used as a benchmark for carbon forms quality test

Bussetti

Yivlialin²,

Ciccacci³

et al. 2021

J. Phys.: Condens. Matter

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Carbon forms (graphite, pyrolytic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), glassy carbon, carbon foam, graphene, buckypaper, etc) are a wide class of materials largely used in technology and energy storage. The huge request of carbon compounds with reliable and tunable physical and chemical properties is tackled by contriving new production protocols and/or compound functionalizations. To achieve these goals, new samples must be tested in a trial-and-error strategy with techniques that provide information in terms of both specimen quality and properties. In this work, we prove that electrochemical scanning probe techniques allow testing the performances of carbon compounds when are used as an electrode inside an electrochemical cell. Comparing the results with a reference sample (namely, HOPG) gives an insight on defects in the specimen structure, performances, and possible applications of the new samples. In this study, we concentrate on traditional carbon forms already employed in many fields versus new recently-developed specimens, in view of possible applications to the field of energy storage.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical scanning probe analysis used as a benchmark for carbon forms quality test

Bussetti

Yivlialin²,

Ciccacci³

et al. 2021

J. Phys.: Condens. Matter

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“…The role of the electrolyte temperature in this process has never been investigated. In work [17], by using an in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) apparatus, the surface morphology changes after the application of fast cyclic-voltammetries at 343 K have been explored, in view of de-coupling the crystal swelling phenomenon from the other electrochemical processes. It was found that blisters do not evolve because of the increasing temperature, while the quality of the graphite surface becomes significantly worse, due to the formation of some adsorbates on possible defect sites of the electrode surface.…”

Section: Temperature Effects On the Hopg Intercalation Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Proceedings of the INFN-LNF 2018 Conference

Bellucci

2019

Condensed Matter

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The NEXT Nanotechnology group at INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) has organized, since the year 2000, a yearly series of international meetings in the area of nanotechnology. The 2018 conference has been devoted to recent developments in nanoscience and their manifold technological applications. These consisted of a number of tutorial/keynote lectures, as well as research talks presenting frontier nanoscience research developments and innovative nanotechnologies in the areas of biology, medicine, aerospace, optoelectronics, energy, materials and characterizations, low-dimensional nanostructures and devices. Selected, original papers based on the 2018 conference talks and related discussions have been published, after a careful refereeing process, in the MDPI journal Condensed Matter, and are currently included in the present dedicated issue.

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“…In these works, the local morphological changes occurring at the basal plane were observed. Recently, a new experimental effort successfully found the time scale of blistering evolution by means of EC-scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and normal-pulse voltammetry (NPV). − These results and the detailed analysis of the electrolyte characteristics (e.g., solution, pH, or temperature) show that the graphite basal plane swells as soon as the oxygen evolution potential (OEP) is reached, − thus suggesting a first refinement of the current interpretative model. However, microscopic techniques are not really suitable when a more chemical analysis is required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disclosing the Graphite Surface Chemistry in Acid Solutions for Anion Intercalation

Rosa

Branchini

Yivlialin

et al. 2019

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Graphitic electrodes in ion batteries and graphite electrochemical exfoliation for graphene production are technological processes based on the anion intercalation mechanism in the stratified crystal structure upon immersion in acid solutions. To the detriment of the graphite mothercrystal, decomposition of the electrolyte solution or production of unexpected graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) is a side effect related to the anion intercalation mechanism. In this work, we studied the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) samples treated with electrolyte solutions of 2 M HClO 4 and 1 M H 2 SO 4 in order to identify elemental and molecular species involved in the intercalation processes and, at the same time, find local surface defects through which solvated ions easily reach the HOPG subsurface. Results from cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) are described and discussed. Large blister formation and more general HOPG surface damage induced by treatment with acid solutions were revealed and mapped. In both HOPG samples, oxidized in 2 M HClO 4 and 1 M H 2 SO 4 , the surface distribution of perchlorate and hydrogen sulfate ions gives direct evidence that the anion intercalation happens via surface defects among HOPG crystallites. These results pave the way for a complex intercalation process where more than one molecular species could be responsible for blister formation and carbon detriment.

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Temperature Effects on the HOPG Intercalation Process

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

Electrochemical scanning probe analysis used as a benchmark for carbon forms quality test

Electrochemical scanning probe analysis used as a benchmark for carbon forms quality test

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Proceedings of the INFN-LNF 2018 Conference

Disclosing the Graphite Surface Chemistry in Acid Solutions for Anion Intercalation

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