Temperature-Insensitive Integrated Optical Electric Field Sensor Based on Asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometer

Li, Xianli; Hai, Xiaoran; Yao, Gaolong; Cui, Yi; Xi, Yongzhen; Li, Peng

doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3241964

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…When the sensors are deployed in outdoor environments, fluctuations in the temperature and humidity can negatively impact the measurement accuracy by affecting the bias point of the sensor. A large number of researchers have conducted studies on the temperature stability of the sensors due to the physical effects exhibited by electro-optic crystals, such as pyroelectric effect and thermo-optic effect [13], [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated optical electric field sensors: humidity stability mechanisms and packaging scheme

Ma,

Zhuang,

Wang

et al. 2024

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Integrated optical electric field sensors (IOES) play a crucial role in electric field measurement. This paper introduces the principles of the IOES and quantitatively evaluates the impact of humidity on measurement accuracy. Sensors with different levels of hydrophobicity coatings and hygroscopicity shells are fabricated and tested across the relative humidity (RH) range of 25% to 95%. Results reveal that humidity stability is primarily influenced by water vapor absorption through the sensor shell, which increases its conductivity. This further results in amplitude deviation and phase shift of the sensor output. To address this, an optimal humidity-stable packaging scheme is proposed, which involves using PEEK shell with room temperature vulcanized fluorinated silicone rubber coating. Compared with uncoated ceramic shell, the phase shift of the IOES reduces from 90$^\circ$ to 1$^\circ$ under a RH of 90%. The amplitude deviation of electric field measurement decreases from 20% to nearly zero after a 20-hour humidity experiment conducted under RH of 90\% at 30 $^\circ$C. The proposed packaging scheme could be used to improve the humidity stability of the sensors deployed in outdoor environments, especially on ships and coastal areas.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated optical electric field sensors: humidity stability mechanisms and packaging scheme

Ma,

Zhuang,

Wang

et al. 2024

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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show abstract

“…Passive EO modulation-based sensor uses passive EO crystals or integrated optical waveguides as the sensing part and uses optical fibers instead of coaxial cables to eliminate the influence of metal components on the measured electric field. In addition, passive EO modulation electric field sensors have the advantages of small volume, large bandwidth, and fast response, but the EO crystals in such sensors are very sensitive to temperature, and even small temperature drifts can cause changes in sensor performance, making the usage conditions extremely demanding [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Active EO modulation-based sensor using a small antenna to receive the electric field and transmitting it through optical fiber, thereby solving the conducted interference issue and has a better temperature stability [15][16][17][18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An electro-optic (EO) pulsed electric field sensor powered by photovoltaic cell

Zhang,

Ma,

Wang

2024

Phys. Scr.

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Considering the limitations of battery-powered active EO modulated electric field sensors, a photovoltaic cell-powered electric field sensor is designed, fabricated and experimentally demonstrated. The sensor is consisting of a laser photovoltaic cell-powered supply circuit, a receiving modulation circuit, and an induction antenna. The laser photovoltaic cell power supply circuit which composed of a power supply laser, a photovoltaic cell, and a DC-DC conversion circuit is designed and fabricated. Experimental results show that the photovoltaic cell power supply circuit can output stable voltages of 5 V and 1.2 V for the receiving modulation circuit. A lightning impulse (LEMP) measurement system is set up and used to test the characteristics of the electric field sensor in the time domain. The experimental results show that the sensor detected pulsed electric field shows good consistency with the applied LEMP in the time domain and the dynamic range of the sensor is from 0.86 kV/m to 10.7 kV/m.

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A Ti: LiNbO3 optical waveguide sensor for measurement of intensive electric field

Zhang,

Chen

2024

Optics & Laser Technology

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Temperature-Insensitive Integrated Optical Electric Field Sensor Based on Asymmetric Mach–Zehnder Interferometer

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Integrated optical electric field sensors: humidity stability mechanisms and packaging scheme

Integrated optical electric field sensors: humidity stability mechanisms and packaging scheme

An electro-optic (EO) pulsed electric field sensor powered by photovoltaic cell

A Ti: LiNbO3 optical waveguide sensor for measurement of intensive electric field

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