Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes

Schotanus, P.; Nieuwstadt, F. T. M.; Bruin, H.A.R. de

doi:10.1007/bf00164332

Cited by 978 publications

(568 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The second part of the program calculates averages, variances and covariances for an averaging interval of 30 min considering a time delay between di¤er-ent sensors and excluding physically not valid values and spikes (Vickers and Mahrt 1997). The third part of the program performs a planar fit coordinate rotation (Wilczak et al 2001), correction of spectral loss (Moore 1986), and conversion of buoyancy into sensible heat flux (Schotanus et al 1983;Liu et al 2001). Lastly, a post-field quality control (Rebmann et al 2005), a steady state test (Foken and Wichura 1996) and a test for integral turbulence characteristics (Foken and Wichura 1996;Thomas and Foken 2002) were performed.…”

Section: Field Observation and Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Turbulence Characteristics of the Atmospheric Surface Layer on the North Slope of Mt. Everest Region in the Spring of 2005

Zhong

2012

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Turbulence measurements at 3 m performed at the base camp of Mt. Everest during the spring of 2005 were used to study the atmospheric turbulent characteristics under conditions of down-slope ambient wind (katabatic wind). The cases where large-scale forcing resulted in a down-slope ambient wind were considered. Firstly, the normalized standard deviations of wind speed (u and v components) were larger than those reported in the literature. Then the (co)spectral characteristics of turbulence under near neutral stratification were described depending on the prevailing wind; case A-southerly with wind speed larger than 6 m s À1 during daytime, case B-southerly with wind speed less than 6 m s À1 and case C-northerly wind. The analysis of the averaged spectra and co-spectra revealed that low frequency perturbations had a large influence on the variance of u and w wind components, and also altered the co-spectra of momentum and sensible heat flux under near neutral stratification. The features of spectral shape and power were di¤erent from the previous ones under ideal flat and homogeneous conditions. The possible cause of these features is due to strong down-valley flow induced by (normal) glacier wind.

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Section: Field Observation and Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Turbulence Characteristics of the Atmospheric Surface Layer on the North Slope of Mt. Everest Region in the Spring of 2005

Zhong

2012

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…Additionally, Q H is corrected for humidity effects (Schotanus et al, 1983). This humidity correction reduces the magnitude of the raw w T s by 3% at the urban sites and by 13% at the rural sites, because the rural sites have a higher evapotranspiration.…”

Section: 32mentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy and radiation balance of a central European city

Christen

Vogt

2004

Intl Journal of Climatology

391

297

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Results from an experimental network of seven energy balance stations in and around a European city are presented. The network of micrometeorological stations was part of the Basel Urban Boundary Layer Experiment (BUBBLE) carried out in the city of Basel, Switzerland. Three urban sites provided turbulent flux densities and radiation data over dense urban surfaces. Together with a suburban site and three rural reference sites, this network allowed the simultaneous comparison of urban, suburban, and rural energy balance partitioning during one month of summertime measurements. The partitioning is analysed together with long-term data to evaluate the magnitude of the urban flux density modification, and to document characteristic values in their diurnal and yearly course. Simple empirical relations between flux densities and surface characteristics are presented. The energy balance partitioning is addressed separately for daytime and nocturnal situations. All four components of the surface radiation budget are analysed. Moreover, the vertical flux density divergences within the urban canopy layer are discussed.

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“…For coordinate rotation, planar fit (Wilczak et al 2001) was applied at WS, 2D rotation at NO and RE and 3D rotation at TH (Kaimal and Finnigan 1994;McMillen 1988). Buoyancy flux was converted to sensible heat flux following Schotanus et al (1983) in order to account for influences of humidity and cross wind contamination. The latter one is only necessary if it has not been already done by the software of the sonic anemometer.…”

Section: Inspection Of Energy Balance Closurementioning

confidence: 99%

Available energy and energy balance closure at four coniferous forest sites across Europe

Moderow

Aubinet

Feigenwinter

et al. 2009

Theor Appl Climatol

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The available energy (AE), driving the turbulent fluxes of sensible heat and latent heat at the earth surface, was estimated at four partly complex coniferous forest sites across Europe (Tharandt, Germany; Ritten/Renon, Italy; Wetzstein, Germany; Norunda, Sweden). Existing data of net radiation were used as well as storage change rates calculated from temperature and humidity measurements to finally calculate the AE of all forest sites with uncertainty bounds. Data of the advection experiments MORE II (Tharandt) and ADVEX (Renon, Wetzstein, Norunda) served as the main basis. On-site data for referencing and cross-checking of the available energy were limited. Applied cross checks for net radiation (modelling, referencing to nearby stations and ratio of net radiation to global radiation) did not reveal relevant uncertainties. Heat storage of sensible heat J H , latent heat J E , heat storage of biomass J veg and heat storage due to photosynthesis J C were of minor importance during day but of some importance during night, where J veg turned out to be the most important one. Comparisons of calculated storage terms (J E , J H ) at different towers of one site showed good agreement indicating that storage change calculated at a single point is representative for the whole canopy at sites with moderate heterogeneity. The uncertainty in AE was assessed on the basis of literature values and the results of the applied cross checks for net radiation. The absolute mean uncertainty of AE was estimated to be between 41 and 52 W m −2 (10-11 W m −2 for the sum of the storage terms J and soil heat flux G) during mid-day (approximately 12% of AE). At night, the absolute mean uncertainty of AE varied from 20 to about 30 W m −2 (approximately 6 W m −2 for J plus G) resulting in large relative uncertainties as AE itself is small. An inspection of the energy balance showed an improvement of closure when storage terms were included and that the imbalance cannot be attributed to the uncertainties in AE alone.

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Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes

Cited by 978 publications

References 11 publications

The Turbulence Characteristics of the Atmospheric Surface Layer on the North Slope of Mt. Everest Region in the Spring of 2005

The Turbulence Characteristics of the Atmospheric Surface Layer on the North Slope of Mt. Everest Region in the Spring of 2005

Energy and radiation balance of a central European city

Available energy and energy balance closure at four coniferous forest sites across Europe

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