Temperature regulation: The spinal cord as a site of extrahypothalamic thermoregulatory functions

Simón, E.

doi:10.1007/bfb0027660

Cited by 250 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 200 publications

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“…The cord also contains a population of thermodetector neurones. Heating and cooling of the cord elicits co-ordinated thermoregulatory responses (Simon, 1974). Thus, the cord is importantly involved in temperature regulation and shares with the hypothalamus/preoptic region the attributes of thermosensitivity and integrative capacity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The thermoregulatory effects of noradrenaline, serotonin and carbachol injected into the rat spinal subarachnoid space

LoPachin

Rudy

1982

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. We have examined the effects on thermoregulation in the rat of noradrenaline bitartrate (NA), 5-hydroxytryptamine hydrochloride (5-HT) and carbamylcholine chloride (CCh) injected into the lumbar spinal subarachnoid space via a chronic indwelling catheter.2. Intrathecal injections of the monoamines and CCh reproducibly affected thermoregulation, whereas injections of control solutions had no effect.3. Intrathecal injections of NA (001-030 smol) produced a dose-dependent hypothermia associated with a decrease in tail skin vasomotor tone. Shivering activity was not depressed during the hypothermia and sometimes increased.Intrathecal administration of the a-adrenergic agonist clonidine (00175-0070 Itmol) elicited changes in Tc and Tsk similar to those induced by intrathecal NA.4. Intrathecal 5-HT (0030-090 ,mol) elicited a dose-dependent hyperthermia accompanied by increased tail skin vasomotor tone and increased shivering.5. CCh injected intrathecally (0001-0406 #smol) evoked a dose-dependent hyperthermia. During the period when core temperature was rising, tail skin vasomotor tone increased and shivering-like activity was present. Once the maximum core temperature had been reached, tail skin vasodilatation occurred. Vasodilatation persisted until core temperature had returned to normal.6. Intravenous injections of 5-HT (030 and 090 /smol) or CCh (0006 and 003 tmol) caused no thermoregulatory effect. The effects of these agents injected intrathecally were therefore not due to an action in the periphery.7. Intravenous infusions of NA (006 and 0 10 smol) produced hypothermia and transient tail skin vasodilatation. We suggest that an action at peripheral sites may have contributed to the effects produced by intrathecal injection of this monamine.8. These findings suggest that spinal noradrenergic, serotonergic and cholinergic synapses may be importantly involved in the control of body temperature in the rat. The possible functional roles of these synapses and the putative spinal sites of action of the injected substances are discussed. R. M. LOPACHIN AND T. A RUDY

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confidence: 99%

“…However, in recent years it has become clear that other regions of the central nervous system (C.N.s.) are importantly involved in thermoregulatory processes and, in fact, are capable ofa limited degree ofautonomous control (Lipton, 1973;Lin & Chai, 1974;Simon, 1974). One such C.N.s.…”

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confidence: 99%

The thermoregulatory effects of noradrenaline, serotonin and carbachol injected into the rat spinal subarachnoid space

LoPachin

Rudy

1982

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Thauer proposed that the specific thermoregulatory control functions, though governed by the hypothalamus, are established in principle by structures widespread in the nervous system (Simon, 1974). Now it is known that other parts of the brain, including the medulla, the midbrain, the pons, and the posterior and lateral hypothalamus, assist in the regulation of body temperature (Crawshaw, 1980).…”

Section: Chapter II Review Of the Li'iera Turementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spinal thermosensitivity is specifically related to the temperature regulation system (Simon, 1974).…”

Section: Chapter II Review Of the Li'iera Turementioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of ethanol on thermoregulation in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

O'Connor¹

2000

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In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which ethanol affects vertebrate thermoregulation, the effect of ethanol on temperature selection was studied in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Ethanol was administered to 10 to 15 g fish by mixing it in the water of a temperature gradient. The dose response curve was very steep between 0.5% (v/v) ethanol (no response) and 0.7% (significant lowering of selected temperature in treated fish). Fish were exposed to concentrations of ethanol as high as 1.7%, at which concentration most experimental fish lost their ability to swim upright in the water. At concentrations higher than 0.7%, the magnitude of the effect did not increase with increasing concentration of ethanol; treated animals continued to select temperatures about 2 C below temperatures selected by controls. Experiments alternating exposure to 1.0% ethanol and water showed that the rate of onset and disappearance of the ethanol effect was rapid (within 10 min). Other experiments exposing fish to 1.0% ethanol for up to 3 hr showed that the effect remained stable for this period of time. The 2 thermoregulatory responses of fish are behavioral, and therefore relatively easy to observe and quantify.Ethanol produces a prompt, stable and reproducible depression of selected temperature in the goldfish.Because the temperature at which fish regulate is controlled by a central nervous system set point and not altered by effects on peripheral effector systems, it appears that ethanol may cause hypothermia in goldfish by directly acting to lower the set point.

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Acetylcholinesterase-positive innervation is present at undifferentiated stages of the sea turtle Lepidochelis olivacea embryo gonads: Implications for temperature-dependent sex determination

et al. 1999

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In embryos of different reptile species, incubation temperature triggers a cascade of endocrine events that lead to gonad sex differentiation. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which temperature sets in motion this process are still controversial. Here, we begin evaluating the possible participation of the nervous system in temperature-dependent sex determination by showing the existence and origin of acetylcholinesterase (AchE)-positive nerve fibers in undifferentiated gonads of the Lepidochelys olivacea (L. olivacea) sea turtle putative male and female embryos, along the thermosensitive period for sex determination (TPSD; stages 20-27). AChE-positive nerve bundles and fibers were readily visualized until developmental stage 24 and thereafter. DiI injections and confocal imaging showed that some of these gonadal nerves arise from the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord levels, and might thus be sensory in nature. Because the vertebrate spinal cord is capable of integrating by itself thermoregulatory responses with no intervention of uppermost levels of the central nervous system, we also evaluated spinal cord maturation during the TPSD. The maturation of the spinal cord was more advanced in putative female than in male embryos, when sex determination is taking place for each sex; this process starts and ends earlier in male than in female embryos. Together these observations open the possibility that the spinal cord and the innervation derived from it could play a direct role in driving or modulating the process of temperature-dependent gonad sex determination and/or differentiation, particularly in female L. olivacea embryos.

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Temperature regulation: The spinal cord as a site of extrahypothalamic thermoregulatory functions

Cited by 250 publications

References 200 publications

The thermoregulatory effects of noradrenaline, serotonin and carbachol injected into the rat spinal subarachnoid space

The thermoregulatory effects of noradrenaline, serotonin and carbachol injected into the rat spinal subarachnoid space

Effect of ethanol on thermoregulation in the goldfish, Carassius auratus

Acetylcholinesterase-positive innervation is present at undifferentiated stages of the sea turtle Lepidochelis olivacea embryo gonads: Implications for temperature-dependent sex determination

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