“…Our main measure of gambling is the problem gambling severity index (PGSI) (Ferris & Wynne, 2001 ), which is a validated and widely used instrument to measure gambling severity, specially designed for inclusion in population based surveys i.e. sub-clinical samples (see, e.g., Awaworyi Churchill & Farrell, 2018 , 2020c ; Holtgraves, 2008 ; Korman et al, 2008 ; Orford et al, 2010 ; Trinh et al, 2022 ). We measure the PGSI using scores derived from a nine-item instrument that collects information on gambling participation and the consequences of problem gambling in the past 12 months.…”