Temperature Variations in Automobiles in Various Weather Conditions

Marty, W; Sigrist, Thomas; Wyler, D.

doi:10.1097/00000433-200109000-00001

Cited by 31 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…However, interdiffusion between layers can occur rapidly under thermal stress at temperatures similar to those reported for accelerated testing, [41] and measured in environments, for example, car cabins, [42,43] in which the devices could be located. It is also important to note that the inefficiencies of OLEDs means that they operate at temperatures above ambient, [44] with one report stating that the internal temperature can be as high as 86 °C.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/adma201104029supporting

confidence: 53%

Diffusion – the Hidden Menace in Organic Optoelectronic Devices

et al. 2011

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Section: Doi: 101002/adma201104029supporting

confidence: 53%

Diffusion – the Hidden Menace in Organic Optoelectronic Devices

et al. 2011

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“…However, when the bag was exposed to direct sunlight, temperature of the cassette and temperature outside the bag were considerably higher than the atmospheric temperature; the atmospheric temperature was weakly correlated with the temperatures outside the bag and around the cassette. Moreover, the temperature inside cars can increase significantly in sunlight even in winter [7]. Although, it is possible that patients with PAH with significant functional impairment are likely to spend most of their time indoors where temperatures are controlled by air conditioning, the present findings demonstrate that exposure to sunlight can significantly increase the temperatures of the cassette very quickly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Temperature Variations around Medication Cassette and Carry Bag in Routine Use of Epoprostenol Administration in Healthy Volunteers

et al. 2012

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BackgroundAccording to several treatment guidelines, epoprostenol is an important treatment option for pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics and poor stability of epoprostenol at room temperature make its administration challenging. We therefore studied temperature fluctuations between the drug administration cassette and atmosphere to promote the safe use of epoprostenol.Methods and FindingsFive healthy volunteers carried a portable intravenous infusion pump attached to a medication cassette containing saline in a bag during their ordinary activities over 16 days during which the mean atmospheric temperature was 29.6±1.5°C. The temperature around the medication cassette was not less than 25°C on any occasion, and the mean period over 24 h during which the temperature around the cassette exceeded 35°C and 40°C was 96.9±156.4 min and 24.4±77.3 min, respectively. Significant correlations were observed between the temperatures outside the bag and around the cassette, as well as between temperatures around the cassette and of the saline solution in the cassette (r = 0.9258 and 0.8276, respectively). There were no differences in the temperatures outside the bag or around the cassette with respect to the bag material.ConclusionsTemperatures around a medication cassette and outside the bag containing the medication increase with sunlight exposure. The temperature around cassettes used for administering epoprostenol must therefore be kept low for as long as possible during hot summer conditions to maintain the drug stability.

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“…For example, temperatures in multilayer OLEDs have been measured to be above ambient [ 23 ] and as high as 86 ° C. [ 24 ] In addition, it is not just the temperature of the device that is important but the environment in which the device is being used or stored. For example, the ambient cabin temperature of a car in summer can easily exceed 80 ° C. [ 25,26 ] In the fi rst part of this study we investigated the composition of Ir(ppy) 3 :CBP blended fi lms. Three fi lm combinations were prepared; neat d-CBP and d-CBP:Ir(ppy) 3 blends (where the prefi x d-denotes the molecules where at least a portion of the protons are replaced by deuterons) with nominal composition of 6 wt% and 10 wt% of Ir(ppy) 3 based on relative evaporation rates.…”

Section: Ir(ppy) 3 :Cbp Blend Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating Morphology and Stability of Fac‐tris (2‐phenylpyridyl)iridium(III) Films for OLEDs

Smith

Ruggles

Cavaye

et al. 2011

Adv Funct Materials

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Stable film morphology is critical for long‐term high performance organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Neutron reflectometry (NR) is used to study the out‐of‐plane structure of blended thin films and multilayer structures comprising evaporated small molecules. It is found that as‐prepared blended films of fac‐tris(2‐phenylpyridyl)iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)3] in 4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)biphenyl (CBP) are uniformly mixed, but the occurrence of phase separation upon thermal annealing is dependent on the blend ratio. Films comprised of the ratio of 6 wt% of Ir(ppy)3 in CBP typically used in OLEDs are found to phase separate with moderate heating while a higher weight percent mixture (12 wt%) is found to be stable. Furthermore, it is found that thermal annealing of a multilayer film comprised of typical layers found in efficient devices ([tris(4‐carbazoyl‐9‐ylphenyl)amine (TCTA)/Ir(ppy)3:CBP/bathocuproine (BCP)]) causes the BCP layer to become mixed with the emissive blend layer, whereas the TCTA interface remains unchanged. This significant structural change causes no appreciable difference in the photoluminescence of the stack although such a change would have a dramatic effect on the charge transport through the device, leading to changes in performance. These results demonstrate the effect of thermal stress on the delicate interplay between the chemical composition and morphology of OLED films.

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Temperature Variations in Automobiles in Various Weather Conditions

Cited by 31 publications

References 3 publications

Diffusion – the Hidden Menace in Organic Optoelectronic Devices

Diffusion – the Hidden Menace in Organic Optoelectronic Devices

Temperature Variations around Medication Cassette and Carry Bag in Routine Use of Epoprostenol Administration in Healthy Volunteers

Investigating Morphology and Stability of Fac‐tris (2‐phenylpyridyl)iridium(III) Films for OLEDs

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