Temporal and lateral variation in the development of growth faults and growth strata in western Niger Delta, Nigeria

Khani, Hamed Fazli; Back, Stefan

doi:10.1306/08291111023

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The effect of ice loading on seismicity along glaciated passive margins has long been recognized (Stein et al ., ), whereas recent studies suggest that sea‐level induced water‐load change on continental shelves has had a major impact on early Holocene fault activity of non‐glaciated passive margins (Brothers et al ., ; Smith et al ., ). Field and experimental data suggest that rapid sedimentation rates correlate with increased normal fault slip rates (Anderson et al ., ; Heller et al ., ; Back et al ., ; Fazli Khani & Back, ; Jackson, in press). Because Quaternary climate change has caused cyclic changes in sea level and concomitant shifts of large depocentres, it follows that fault activity in passive margin settings may exhibit periodic changes corresponding to cyclic Quaternary climate change.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of late Quaternary fault throw‐rate variability along the north central Gulf of Mexico coast: implications for coastal subsidence

et al. 2016

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Quaternary sea‐level cycles have caused dramatic depocentre shifts near the mouths of major rivers. The effects of these shifts on fault activity in passive margin settings is poorly known, as no studies have constrained passive margin fault throw‐rate variability over 103 to 105 year time scales. Here we present 11 mean throw rates for the Tepetate–Baton Rouge fault zone along the northern Gulf of Mexico coast in southern Louisiana. These data were obtained by optically stimulated luminescence dating over time scales spanning the last interglacial to the late Holocene. The mean throw rate is ca. 0.22 mm year−1 during the late Holocene, ca. 0.03 mm year−1 during the last glacial and at least 0.07 mm year−1 during the last interglacial. Throw rates averaged over the late Pleistocene to present are spatially uniform within our study area. The temporal variability in throw rates suggests that shifts of the Mississippi River depocentre relative to this fault zone, driven by Quaternary sea‐level cycles, may have imposed a significant control on fault activity. The late Holocene throw rate is at least in the order of magnitude smaller than the rates of land‐surface subsidence in the Mississippi Delta, indicating that this fault zone is not a dominant contributor to subsidence in this region.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of late Quaternary fault throw‐rate variability along the north central Gulf of Mexico coast: implications for coastal subsidence

et al. 2016

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“…Cohen & McClay, 1996; Soto, Heidari, et al, 2021), and the growth history of supra‐shale faults (e.g. Fazlikhani & Back, 2012). Most of studies listed above provide only two‐dimensional treatments of shale tectonics and only very few have inspected their three‐dimensional evolutions (Ahmed et al, 2022; Fazlikhani & Back, 2012, 2015b; Santos Betancor & Soto, 2012; Van Rensbergen & Morley, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensional deformation of a shale‐dominated delta: Tarakan Basin, offshore Indonesia

2023

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Deformation on shale-rich continental margins is commonly associated with thin-skinned extension above mobile shales. Normal faulting and shale mobilization are widespread on such margins, being associated with and controlled by progradation and gravitational failure of deltaic sedimentary wedges. However, due to uncertainties in seismically imaging mobile shales, our understanding of problems like how base mobile-shale controls deformation, and the shape, size, and distribution of shale structures remain poorly understood. We here use 3D seismic reflection data from the platform region of the Tarakan Basin, offshore eastern Indonesia to investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of thin-skinned deformation of the Neogene sedimentary section.Our detailed seismic interpretation reveals up to 74 km long, concave-and convex-into-the-basin normal faults, dipping both basinward (eastwards) and locally landward (westwards), which detach downwards on a basal mobile shale (Early-Middle Miocene). The base of the mobile shale unit dips gently (< 17 o ) seaward, although older (Eocene-Early Miocene), rift-related normal faults originate local structural highs deforming the base of mobile shales. Our isochore (thickness map) analysis shows that supra-shale normal faulting commenced in the Middle Miocene and was accompanied by the formation of hanging-wall rollover folds and associated crestal grabens, with the subsequent along-and across strike migration of the deformation related to the nucleation, lateral linkage, and reactivation of individual fault systems. Updip growth normal faulting was also accompanied by the downslope flow of mobile shale, accompanied by parallel and perpendicular variations of the differential loading in the delta system, and local contraction and mobile shale-upbuilding, resulting in the growth of large, margin-parallel shale anticlines further downdip. The growth faults and anticlines are locally overlain by up to 5 km tall of mud pipes and volcanoes. We suggest that variations in the rate of sedimentary loading, mobile shale flow, fault growth, and gravitational failure of the delta system above a seaward-dipping, but locally rugose base mobile-shale surface, controlled Neogene deformation in the Tarakan Basin. We also demonstrate how variations in the trend and dip of the base mobile-shale surface influences the position, timing of formation, and evolution of supra-shale normal faults and their associated depocenters along shale-rich, deltaic margins.

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“…Large‐scale growth faults are well‐known areas of rapid sedimentation, in particular major deltas, and typically sole out in zones of overpressured shale or salt (e.g. Doust & Omatsola, ; Morley & Guerin, ; Rouby & Cobbold, ; Ajakaiye & Bally, ; Hooper et al ., ; Morley et al ., ; Pochat et al ., ; Back et al ., , , ; Fazli Khani & Back, ). However, the Karewa Fault within the study area shows no evidence of any mobile shale zone and there is no obvious loading trigger for the faulting (Morley & Naghadeh, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Link between growth faulting and initiation of a mass transport deposit in the northern Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

2017

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The Neogene section in the northern Taranaki Basin, offshore New Zealand, displays an interaction among prograding clinoforms, listric growth faults formed at the base of slope and mass transport deposits that fill the growth fault depocentres. This study focuses on one of these systems, the Karewa Fault and mass transport deposit (MTD), in order to understand the genetic relationship between the fault and the MTD in its hangingwall depocentre, i.e. did the MTD fill existing accommodation space? Did the MTD trigger growth fault displacement? Or is there some other relationship? Most mass transport deposits are elongate in the transport direction and exhibit a length:width aspect ratio of more than 1. However, the 90 km 2 Karewa Fault MTD is at least three times wider than it is long, which is atypical for MTDs reported in the literature, where~80% have a length: width ratio >1. The transport direction of the MTD is to the WNW, as indicated by the location and internal structure of the compressional toe and the headwall scarp region of the Karewa Fault. The structural and sequence geometries on seismic reflection data indicate the MTD formed during the late stage of growth fault activity, and locally truncates the upper part of the Karewa Fault. The MTD is inferred to have originated by local destabilization of the sediment package overlying the Karewa Fault related to the escape of overpressured fluids along the fault. The resulting MTD was translated locally by only a few kilometres. This unusual cause for an MTD also resulted in its atypical length-width-thickness aspect ratios.

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Temporal and lateral variation in the development of growth faults and growth strata in western Niger Delta, Nigeria

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Mechanisms of late Quaternary fault throw‐rate variability along the north central Gulf of Mexico coast: implications for coastal subsidence

Mechanisms of late Quaternary fault throw‐rate variability along the north central Gulf of Mexico coast: implications for coastal subsidence

Extensional deformation of a shale‐dominated delta: Tarakan Basin, offshore Indonesia

Link between growth faulting and initiation of a mass transport deposit in the northern Taranaki Basin, New Zealand

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