Temporal association of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) and bacteria

Gouge, Dawn H.; Snyder, Jennifer L.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2005.12.003

Cited by 42 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…SCBI was not significantly different from similar exposure to E. coli OP50 or mortality in the absence of any manipulation. These results are similar to those reported in the literature for Heterorhabditis and Steinernema (Gouge and Snyder, 2006). So although we know little about the exact nature of the association or how common it is in nature, we clearly demonstrate the ability of this association to hasten the death of an insect.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

Response to ‘Bugs don't make worms kill’

Abebe

Bonner

Gray

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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supporting

confidence: 91%

Response to ‘Bugs don't make worms kill’

Abebe

Bonner

Gray

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…However, since Stenotrophomonas species have well-documented natural antibiotic resistance (61,62), it is perhaps unsurprising to observe them flourishing in Photorhabdusinhabited cadavers. Indeed, Stenotrophomonas isolates (or related Xanthomonas isolates) have been sporadically observed in association with the EPN system in the past (18,26,27,34,36). They are also known associates of some insects (35,(63)(64)(65)(66)(67), although they were not abundant in uninfected G. mellonella in our study, either at death or during subsequent cadaver decomposition (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Many early studies noted the presence of non-Photorhabdus or non-Xenorhabdus bacteria within cadavers, at least at low levels (16)(17)(18)(19), and even attributed the occasional lack of nematode development to such toxic contaminants (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). More recently, culture-dependent studies have isolated various non-Photorhabdus or non-Xenorhabdus bacteria from cadavers infected with different EPN species (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37). In at least some instances, the identified bacteria suggest more than stochastic cadaver contamination: Jackson et al (27) isolated Providencia spp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Wollenberg

Jagdish

Slough

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Insect larvae killed by entomopathogenic nematodes are thought to contain bacterial communities dominated by a single bacterial genus, that of the nematode's bacterial symbiont. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to profile bacterial community dynamics in greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae cadavers killed by Heterorhabditis nematodes and their Photorhabdus symbionts. We found that, although Photorhabdus strains did initially displace an Enterococcus-dominated community present in uninfected G. mellonella insect larvae, the cadaver community was not static. Twelve days postinfection, Photorhabdus shared the cadaver with Stenotrophomonas species. Consistent with this result, Stenotrophomonas strains isolated from infected cadavers were resistant to Photorhabdus-mediated toxicity in solid coculture assays. We isolated and characterized a Photorhabdus-produced antibiotic from G. mellonella cadavers, produced it synthetically, and demonstrated that both the natural and synthetic compounds decreased G. mellonella-associated Enterococcus growth, but not Stenotrophomonas growth, in vitro. Finally, we showed that the Stenotrophomonas strains described here negatively affected Photorhabdus growth in vitro. Our results add an important dimension to a broader understanding of Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus biology and also demonstrate that interspecific bacterial competition likely characterizes even a theoretically monoxenic environment, such as a Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus-parasitized insect cadaver. IMPORTANCEUnderstanding, and eventually manipulating, both human and environmental health depends on a complete accounting of the forces that act on and shape microbial communities. One of these underlying forces is hypothesized to be resource competition. A resource that has received little attention in the general microbiological literature, but likely has ecological and evolutionary importance, is dead/decaying multicellular organisms. Metazoan cadavers, including those of insects, are ephemeral and nutrient-rich environments, where resource competition might shape interspecific macrobiotic and microbiotic interactions. This study is the first to use a next-generation sequencing approach to study the community dynamics of bacteria within a model insect cadaver system: insect larvae parasitized by entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. By integrating bioinformatic, biochemical, and classic in vitro microbiological approaches, we have provided mechanistic insight into how antibiotic-mediated bacterial interactions may shape community dynamics within insect cadavers.

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“…P. luminescens benefits from this relationship by utilizing H. bacteriophora as a vector and ultimately bioconverts the insect into nutrients that can be utilized by both partners. P. luminescens also creates an environment for nematode reproduction within the insect [17][18][19]. Nematodes can enter the insect larvae through many of the insect's orifices including cuticle penetration.…”

Section: The Symbiotic Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Production of the Beneficial Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Its Bacterial Symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens

2012

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Entomoparasitic nematodes (EPNs) are being commercialized as a biocontrol measure for crop insect pests, as they provide advantages over common chemical insecticides. Mass production of these nematodes in liquid media has become a major challenge for commercialization. Producers are not willing to share the trade secrets of mass production and by doing so, have made culturing EPNs extremely difficult to advance existing technologies. Theoretically, mass production in liquid media is an ideal culturing method as it increases cost efficiency and nematode quantity. This paper will review current culturing methodologies and suggest basic culturing parameters for mass production. This review is focused on Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; however, this information can be useful for other nematode species.

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Temporal association of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) and bacteria

Cited by 42 publications

References 30 publications

Response to ‘Bugs don't make worms kill’

Response to ‘Bugs don't make worms kill’

Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Mass Production of the Beneficial Nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Its Bacterial Symbiont Photorhabdus luminescens

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