Temporal Change of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the Subsurface Water at Station KNOT (44°N, 155°E) in the Western North Pacific Subpolar Region

Wakita, Masashi; Watanabe, Shuichi; Watanabe, Yutaka; Ono, Tsuneo; Tsurushima, Nobuo; Tsunogai, Shizuo

doi:10.1007/s10872-005-0026-2

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In the North Pacific Ocean, observations at the ALOHA site near Hawaii (22°45′N, 158°W), show upward trends of salinity normalized dissolved inorganic carbon (nDIC) and seawater p CO 2 higher than at BATS/Hydrostation S. Surface ocean nDIC and seawater p CO 2 increased at a rate of +1.2 ± 0.1 μ moles kg −1 yr −1 , and +2.5 ± 0.3 μ atm yr −1 , respectively (Table 3) [ Dore et al , 2003; Keeling et al , 2004] for the 1988–2002 period. Similarly, at time series site KNOT (44°N, 155°E) in the western North Pacific subpolar region, the increase in DIC was +1.3 to 2.3 μ moles kg −1 yr −1 from 1992 to 2001 [ Wakita et al , 2005]. At both sites, the observed rate of change of surface ocean DIC, for example, was slightly higher than the expected oceanic equilibration with anthropogenic CO 2 in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Long‐term Trends Of Seawater Co2 In the Subtropical Gyre Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several continuous ocean time series observations of seawater CO 2 of sufficient length to evaluate long‐term interannual trends of seawater CO 2 and air‐sea CO 2 fluxes. These ocean time series, include, for example: (1) BATS (Bermuda Atlantic Time series Study), located near Bermuda (31°43′N, 64°10′W) in the NW Atlantic Ocean [e.g., Bates et al , 1996a, 2002]; (2) Hydrostation S (32°10′N, 64°30′W) located near Bermuda in the NW Atlantic Ocean [e.g., Keeling , 1993]; (3) ESTOC (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands (ESTOC), located near Gran Canaria in the NE Atlantic Ocean [e.g., Gonzalez‐Dávila et al , 2003; Santana‐Casiano et al , 2007]; (4) station ALOHA (A Long‐term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment), located near Hawaii (22°45′N, 158°W) in the North Pacific Ocean [e.g., Karl et al , 2001; Dore et al , 2003; Keeling et al , 2004; Brix et al , 2004]; (5) Ocean Weather Station P/line P in the North‐east Pacific [ Wong et al , 1999], and; (6) Kyodo North Pacific Ocean Time series (KNOT; 44°N, 155°E) in the western North Pacific subpolar region [ Wakita et al , 2005]. There are other studies in which intermittent repeat occupations of regions or sections allow estimation of interannual changes in oceanic CO 2 and air‐sea CO 2 fluxes [e.g., Midorikawa et al , 2003; Takahashi et al , 2003; Olsen et al , 2003; Sabine et al , 2004b; Lefèvre et al , 2004; Yoshikawa‐Inoue and Ishii , 2005; Friis et al , 2005].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interannual variability of the oceanic CO₂ sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades

2007

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[1] Between 1983 and 2005, continuous oceanic CO 2 observations at two time series sites in the North Atlantic Ocean near Bermuda indicate that surface seawater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pCO 2 increased annually at rates similar to that expected from oceanic equilibration with increasing CO 2 in the atmosphere. In addition, seawater pH, CO 3 2À ion concentrations, and CaCO 3 saturation states have also decreased over time. There was considerable seasonal asymmetry in the oceanic CO 2 sink or source rates, with wintertime air-to-sea CO 2 influx greater than the summertime sea-to-air CO 2 efflux. On an annual basis, the region was an oceanic sink for CO 2 , with a mean net annual air-sea CO 2 flux rate of À815 ± 251 and À1295 ± 294 mmol CO 2 m À2 yr À1 , respectively, estimated using different synoptic and data assimilation model wind speed data sets. Peak-to-peak variability of $850-1950 mmol CO 2 m À2 yr À1 represented an interannual variability of $0.2-0.3 Pg C yr À1 in the oceanic CO 2 sink scaled to the subtropical gyre of North Atlantic Ocean. The long-term trend over the period was a slight increase in the oceanic CO 2 sink, associated primarily with a gradual increase in wind speed over the same period. Interannual variability of summertime (June-September) and fall (October-December) air-sea CO 2 flux rates were correlated to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and strongly influenced by wind events such as hurricanes. Wintertime (January-May) air-sea CO 2 flux rates were poorly correlated with the NAO and Arctic Oscillation (AO), although gas exchange rates were $11-40% higher during concurrent El Niño periods compared to La Niña periods.

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Section: Long‐term Trends Of Seawater Co2 In the Subtropical Gyre Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interannual variability of the oceanic CO₂ sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades

2007

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“…Such sustained ocean carbon cycle time series complement collection of water-column hydrography and biogeochemistry (e.g., dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients, chlorophyll, and dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen) and rate measurements (including 14 C primary production, bacterial production, and export flux) at several of these sites. Wakita et al, 2005;Watanabe et al, 2011), and other Pacific Ocean sites (e.g., Ishii et al, 2011;Midorikawa et al, 2012).…”

Section: Box 1 Seawater Co 2 -Carbonate Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Time-Series View of Changing Ocean Chemistry Due to Ocean Uptake of Anthropogenic CO2 and Ocean Acidification

Bates¹,

Astor²,

Church³

et al. 2014

oceanog

450

414

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E C I A L I S S U E O N C H A N G I N G O C E A N C H E M I S T R Y » A N T H R O P O C E N E : T H E F U T U R E … Sand ocean acidification. The article discusses the long-term changes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), salinity-normalized DIC, and surface seawater pCO 2 (partial pressure of CO 2 ) due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 and its impact on the ocean's buffering capacity. In addition, we evaluate changes in seawater chemistry that are due to ocean acidification and its impact on pH and saturation states for biogenic calcium carbonate minerals.

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“…Gislefoss et al 1998;Skjelvan et al, 2008); (6) the South East Asia time-series Study site (SEATS) in the northern South China Sea (e.g. Chou et al, 2005Chou et al, , 2007; (7) Ocean Weather Station P/line P in the North-East Pacific (Wong et al, 1999), and (8) the Kyodo North Pacific Ocean Time series (KNOT) in the western North Pacific sub-polar region (Tsurushima et al, 2002;Wakita et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The water column distribution of carbonate system variables at the ESTOC site from 1995 to 2004

et al. 2010

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Abstract. The accelerated rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and the substantial fraction of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions absorbed by the oceans are affecting the anthropocenic signatures of seawater. Long-term time series are a powerful tool for investigating any change in ocean bio-geochemistry and its effects on the carbon cycle. We have evaluated the ESTOC (European Station for Time series in the Ocean at the Canary islands) observations of measured pH (total scale at 25 • C) and total alkalinity plus computed total dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (C T ) from 1995 to 2004 for surface and deep waters, by following all changes in response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The observed values for the surface partial pressure of CO 2 from 1995 to 2008 were also taken into consideration. The data were treated to better understand the fundamental processes controlling vertical distributions in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the accumulation of anthropogenic CO 2 , C ANT . C T at constant salinity, NC T , increased at a rate of 0.85 µmol kg −1 yr −1 in the mixed layer, linked to an f CO 2 increase of 1.7±0.7 µatm yr −1 in both the atmosphere and the ocean. Consequently, the mixed layer at ESTOC site has also become more acidic, −0.0017 ± 0.0003 units yr −1 , whereas the carbonate ion concentrations and CaCO 3 saturation states have also decreased over time. NC T increases at a rate of 0.53, 0.49 and 0.40 µmol kg −1 yr −1 at 300, 600, and 1000 m, respectively. The general processes controlling the vertical variations of alkalinity and the inorganic carbon distribution were computed by considering the pre-formed values, the production/decomposition of organic matter and the formation/dissolution of carbonates. At 3000 m, 30% of the inorganic carbon production is related to the dissolution Correspondence to: M. González-Dávila (mgonzalez@dqui.ulpgc.es) of calcium carbonate, increasing to 35% at 3685 m. The total column inventory of anthropogenic CO 2 for the decade was 66 ± 3 mol m −2 . A model fitting indicated that the column inventory of C ANT increased from 61.7 mol m −2 in the year 1994 to 70.2 mol m −2 in 2004. The ESTOC site is presented as a reference site to follow C ANT changes in the Northeast Atlantic Sub-tropical gyre.

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Temporal Change of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the Subsurface Water at Station KNOT (44°N, 155°E) in the Western North Pacific Subpolar Region

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Interannual variability of the oceanic CO₂ sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades

Interannual variability of the oceanic CO₂ sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades

A Time-Series View of Changing Ocean Chemistry Due to Ocean Uptake of Anthropogenic CO2 and Ocean Acidification

The water column distribution of carbonate system variables at the ESTOC site from 1995 to 2004

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Temporal Change of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the Subsurface Water at Station KNOT (44°N, 155°E) in the Western North Pacific Subpolar Region

Cited by 25 publications

References 31 publications

Interannual variability of the oceanic CO2 sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades

Interannual variability of the oceanic CO2 sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades

A Time-Series View of Changing Ocean Chemistry Due to Ocean Uptake of Anthropogenic CO2 and Ocean Acidification

The water column distribution of carbonate system variables at the ESTOC site from 1995 to 2004

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Interannual variability of the oceanic CO₂ sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades

Interannual variability of the oceanic CO₂ sink in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean over the last 2 decades