Temporal Changes of Phospholipids Fatty Acids and Cholesterol in Breast Milk and Relationship with Diet

Zhang, Niu; Zhuo, Cheng‐Fei; Liu, Biao; Ye, Wenhui; Lin, Tao; Zheng, Liufeng; Chen, Li; Deng, Zeyuan; Li, Guo‐Yong; Gong, Zhi‐Qing; Li, Jing

doi:10.1002/ejlt.201900187

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Also, campesterol and dihydrobrassicasterol could be detected. According to our analysis, breast milk contained a cholesterol level of 13.7 mg/100 g, which is in a range given in the literature, 9.0–22.6 mg/100 g. , Figure shows that milk-fat-containing infant formulas contained cholesterol, but the amount was significantly lower (8.3, 6.4, and 5.9 for MF1, MF2, and MF3, respectively). In VO-based formulas, the content was still lower (2.8, 1.6, and 2.4 for VO1, VO2, and VO3, respectively).…”

Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Similarity Index for the Fat Fraction between Breast Milk and Infant Formulas

Hokkanen

Frey

Yang

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The similarity of the fat fraction in infant formulas rich in either bovine milk fat (MF) or vegetable oil (VO) to breast milk was evaluated by analyzing their lipid composition. Milk fat-rich formulas were highly similar (average similarity index 0.68) to breast milk compared to the VO-rich formulas (average similarity index 0.56). The highest difference in the indices was found in the contents of cholesterol (0.66 vs 0.28 in MF-and VO-rich formulas, respectively, on average) and polar lipids (0.84 vs 0.53), the positional distribution of fatty acids in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols (0.53 vs 0.28), and fatty acid composition (0.72 vs 0.54). The VO-based formulas were superior in similarity in n − 6 PUFA. Thus, the addition of bovine MF fractions is an effective way to increase the similarity between the lipid composition of infant formulas and human milk.

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Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Similarity Index for the Fat Fraction between Breast Milk and Infant Formulas

Hokkanen

Frey

Yang

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…To date, no research has been done to investigate the cause of variation of these proteins in milk. However, it might reflect the extent of cholesterol transport in the mammary gland, which is known to be related with lactation stage and maternal diet 38 , 39 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network analysis of the proteome and peptidome sheds light on human milk as a biological system

Dekker,

Boeren,

Saccenti

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Proteins and peptides found in human milk have bioactive potential to benefit the newborn and support healthy development. Research has been carried out on the health benefits of proteins and peptides, but many questions still need to be answered about the nature of these components, how they are formed, and how they end up in the milk. This study explored and elucidated the complexity of the human milk proteome and peptidome. Proteins and peptides were analyzed with non-targeted nanoLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS in a selection of 297 milk samples from the CHILD Cohort Study. Protein and peptide abundances were determined, and a network was inferred using Gaussian graphical modeling (GGM), allowing an investigation of direct associations. This study showed that signatures of (1) specific mechanisms of transport of different groups of proteins, (2) proteolytic degradation by proteases and aminopeptidases, and (3) coagulation and complement activation are present in human milk. These results show the value of an integrated approach in evaluating large-scale omics data sets and provide valuable information for studies that aim to associate protein or peptide profiles from biofluids such as milk with specific physiological characteristics.

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Fatty acid concentration and distribution in human milk: Comparison with infant formulas and animal milk

Yu,

Zhou,

Ding

et al. 2023

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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The lipid profile including total fatty acid (FA), sn‐2 positional distribution on triacylglycerol, and phospholipid (PL) FA in human milk, infant formulas, and animal milk (cow, goat, camel, donkey, and yak milk) were analyzed. Animal milk contained higher saturated fatty acids (45.08%–66.29%) than human milk (37.44%) and infant formula (33.46%). In the perspective of FA, human milk and the commercial formulas showed a better similarity. Human milk contained significantly (p < 0.05) higher 16:0 at the sn‐2 position (50.88%) than infant formulas (23.09%) and animal milk (28.95%–46.72%). As to PL‐FA, human milk contained significantly (p < 0.05) higher 16:0 and 18:0 but lower 18:1 n‐9 than other milk. The relative contents of arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and nervonic acid (NA) in human milk were higher in PL‐FA than that in total FA. Noteworthy, the contents of AA, DHA, and NA in both total FA and PL‐FA were higher in human milk than other milk. These results indicated that the fortification of 16:0 at the sn‐2 position, and AA, DHA, and NA in both total FA and PL‐FA could improve the quality of infant formulas.

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Temporal Changes of Phospholipids Fatty Acids and Cholesterol in Breast Milk and Relationship with Diet

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Similarity Index for the Fat Fraction between Breast Milk and Infant Formulas

Similarity Index for the Fat Fraction between Breast Milk and Infant Formulas

Network analysis of the proteome and peptidome sheds light on human milk as a biological system

Fatty acid concentration and distribution in human milk: Comparison with infant formulas and animal milk

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