Temporal course of amnesia in rats after electroconvulsive shock

Miller, Ralph R.; Springer, Alan D.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(71)90031-x

Cited by 45 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…Thus, even temporary memory following such an amnestic agent suggests that information from training was already initially consolidated at the time of ECS. In the case of Miller and Springer (1971), the interval from onset of the reinforcer (i.e., footshock) in their one-trial instrumental avoidance situation to onset of the ECS was 10 sec. Testing of their rats at 15 min, but not 30 min, following ECS indicated retention of information from training.…”

Section: Basic Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Residual memory effects, which have been long neglected in the literature, refer to three related types of observations. The first is that, if testing occurs soon enough after administration of an amnestic agent, little or no amnesia is observed, whereas, with delayed testing, conventional amnesia is seen (see Geller and Jarvik 1969;Miller and Springer 1971). This finding is important when the amnestic agent is one that is known to disrupt all ongoing electrochemical transmission because it indicates that a structural/molecular representation of the training information was already formed in the interval between the receipt of the target information and administration of the amnestic agent.…”

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Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Miller

Matzel²

2006

Learn. Mem.

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For at least 40 years, there has been a recurring argument concerning the nature of experimental amnesia, with one side arguing that amnesic treatments interfere with the formation of enduring memories and the other side arguing that these treatments interfere with the expression of memories that were effectively encoded. The argument appears to stem from a combination of (1) unclear definitions and (2) real differences in the theoretical vantages that underlie the interpretation of relevant data. Here we speak to how the field might avoid arguments that are definitional in nature and how various hypotheses fare in light of published data. Existing but often overlooked data favor very rapid (milliseconds) synaptic consolidation, with experimental amnesia reflecting, at least in part, deficits in retrieval rather than in the initial storage of information.As most commonly conceived, "memory consolidation" refers uniquely to the processes by which newly acquired information, which is initially represented in ongoing synaptic transmission, comes over time to be encoded in a format that was independent of ongoing activity (and thus sensory stimulation) (Müller and Pilzecker 1900;McGaugh 1966). Fundamental to consolidation theory as it was originally formulated is that there were dual representational systems, one dependent upon ongoing neural transmission and the other dependent on enduring (i.e., structural/molecular) changes in the nervous system (e.g., pathway synthesis, facilitation of transmitter release, potentiation of sensitivity to transmitter binding, enhancement of membrane excitability) (for a review, see Matzel et al. 1998). Presumably there was a sequential dependence of the latter process (consolidation) on the former process (see Hebb 1949). Today it is widely recognized that there are a number of different molecular-structural representations that may be formed during memory storage, and that these representations become stable (i.e., "encoded") at very different rates and are dependent on different neuroanatomical sites (see Gibbs and Ng 1977;McGaugh 2000). This conceptualization of the consolidation process is often referred to as "system consolidation," although it should be noted that these different structural-molecular representations need not be sequentially linked (see Tully et al. 1994). Much recent attention has been devoted to system consolidation, which is relatively slow and measured in hours, days, or even months (see Kim and Fanselow 1992), as opposed to the earlier but still not fully answered questions of initial consolidation, which is generally assumed to occur in seconds or minutes. Although careless use of language has resulted in some confusion between these two related but different types of consolidation, some researchers distinguish them by using the expression "synaptic consolidation" (or "short-term molecular consolidation") for initial consolidation, which they differentiate from system consolidation (Nadel and Moscovitch 1997; Nader et al. 2000b;Dudai 2004). The focus of...

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Section: Basic Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Miller

Matzel²

2006

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“…However, a noncontingent FS between training and retention appears to have induced significant recovery of memory in Group E. As Group E scores are appreciably lower than those of trained animals that had never received ECS in other studies eR" = 1.80 to 2.00 log sec; see Miller & Springer, 1971, recovery was obviously only partial. The low test scores of Group S, which received FS + ECS plus FS during the retention interval, with intensities, durations, and sequence equivalent to these of Group E, indicate that the relatively high Group E test scores are specific to the training situation rather than due to a systernic effect independent of situational cues.…”

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confidence: 70%

“…A 300-sec ceiling was in effect on the test trials. The 2-h interval between training and operant-chamber-FS was in considerable excess of the post-ECS interval in which memory has been observed to linger in rats prior to the development of amnesia (Miller & Springer, 1971). …”

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“…A group receiving training FS without ECS was not included in this experiment as numerous other studies (e.g., Miller & Springer, 1971 have found that such groups invariably produce mean step-through latencies of 65-100 sec (R" = 1.80 to 2.00 log sec). RESULTS Group mean training trial scores were: Group E = 0.95 log sec (8.9 sec), Group A = 1.05 log sec (11.2 sec), and Group S = 1.05 log sec (11.2 sec).…”

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Recovery from amnesia following transcorneal electroconvulsive shock

Miller

Springer

1972

Psychon Sci

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Rats that received one-trial passive avoidance training, followed 8 sec later by transcomeal electroconvulsive shock (ECS), displayed extensive memory deficits on a 24-h retention test. However, a noncontingent footshock delivered outside of the training situation during the retention interval caused a partial recovery of memory. Control Ss receiving similar stimulation entirely outside of the training situation did not display equivalent avoidance behavior, suggesting that the avoidance behavior of the former group was specific to the training situation rather than a systemic effect of the combined treatments. These data indicate that transcomeal ECS is similar to transpinnate ECS in that both interfere with retrieval processes that normally occur soon after acquisition.

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Prevention of experimental amnesia by peripherally administered cholecystokinin octapeptide in the rat

Katsuura

Itoh

1986

Drug Development Research

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Katsuura, G., and S. Itoh: Prevention of experimental amnesia by peripherally administered cholecystokinin octapeptide in the rat. Drug Dev. Res. 7:269-276, 1986.The effect of subcutaneously injected cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) on amnesia induced by electroconvulsive shock (ECS), C02 inhalation, or cycloheximide injection was investigated in rats. In normal rats, single administration of CCK-8 had no significant effect on the passive avoidance response. Treatment with ECS, COP, or cycloheximide markedly decreased the latency of the passive avoidance response, but CCK-8 in doses from 0.1 to 10 pglkg could prevent the induced amnesia when injected 30 min before the training trials, immediately after foot shock or amnesic treatments, and 30 min before the first retention test. The results indicate that peripheral administration of CCK-8 is effective in preventing amnesia in the rat.

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Temporal course of amnesia in rats after electroconvulsive shock

Cited by 45 publications

References 16 publications

Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Retrieval failure versus memory loss in experimental amnesia: Definitions and processes

Recovery from amnesia following transcorneal electroconvulsive shock

Prevention of experimental amnesia by peripherally administered cholecystokinin octapeptide in the rat

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