Temporal distancing during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Letter writing with future self can mitigate negative affect

Chishima, Yuta; Liu, I-Ting Huai-Ching; Wilson, Anne E.

doi:10.1111/aphw.12256

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…The correlation magnitudes between the total score and affect were not substantially different among the affect dimensions ( r = .427 to .550 and −.474 to −.582 for the dimensions positively and negatively correlated with the total score, respectively). A previous study (Chishima et al, 2021) conducted a cluster analysis of the EACL. It demonstrated that the dimensions having positive correlations with the total score in this study (i.e., happiness, high-energy arousal, and low tense arousal) were aggregated as positive affect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supportive evidence for the State Self-Compassion Scale using Japanese samples.

Chishima¹,

Sugawara²,

Mizuno³

2022

Psychological Assessment

Self Cite

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Self-compassion (SC) is a trait of having a compassionate attitude toward oneself when experiencing a difficult situation. Recent studies focused on its temporal fluctuation; moreover, Neff et al. (2021) developed a scale to assess the state level of SC. Although its psychometric reliability and validity were confirmed, it was unclear whether it could be adopted in diverse samples. Therefore, we aimed to provide additional evidence using Japanese samples that are recognized as having a high propensity for self-criticism. Study 1 (preregistered) and Study 2 compared several factor models of the scale and demonstrated that the bifactor model using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was the best solution. Moreover, the state scale performed better in predicting affect than the trait SC, supporting the incremental validity. Most of the correlations with the trait SC and the positive/negative affect were nearly as expected. In Study 3, an experimental induction of SC indicated that those in the SC condition experienced an improved state SC after the writing tasks, whereas those in the control condition did not. Study 4 replicated these results and revealed that state SC was more easily improved by the writing manipulation than trait SC. Most of the previous research’s results were replicated; furthermore, additional supportive evidence was established across the four studies. We suggest the utility of the State Self-Compassion Scale and discuss some different findings obtained from the Western samples from a cultural perspective.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supportive evidence for the State Self-Compassion Scale using Japanese samples.

Chishima¹,

Sugawara²,

Mizuno³

2022

Psychological Assessment

Self Cite

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“…One of the dimensions of psychological distancing includes temporal distancing, which causes consumer reactance that helps in mitigating the adverse effects of COVID-19 (Li et al, 2020 ). The study by Chishima et al ( 2021 ) explored temporal distancing in the COVID-19 context and explored consumer negative emotions that develop psychological reactance to restore freedom. The research of Li et al ( 2021 ) examined temporal distancing in the context of restaurants and explored its relationship with consumer evaluation, causing an unpleasant state of motivation.…”

Section: Theoretical Background and Hypotheses Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, during COVID-19, we investigated customer psychological reactance because of psychological distance. A few studies referred to the relationship between psychological distancing and psychological reactance (Abel and Mcqueen, 2020 ; Reiss et al, 2020 ; Chishima et al, 2021 ; Finsterwalder, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ) and the psychological reactance to freedom restoration in the study of Moore and Fitzsimons ( 2014 ), Bessarabova et al ( 2017 ), and Zhang ( 2020 ). The work of Akhtar et al ( 2020 ) and Sakai et al ( 2021 ) also supported the relationship of psychological reactance with COVID-19 restrictions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the effects of consumers' psychological distance on their reactance and related behavioral outcomes: Do lockdown restrictions matter?

Chen

Duan²,

Ittefaq³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychol.

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This study examined consumers' psychological reactance, which is insufficiently explored in the literature. This research fills the gaps found in the literature reviewed and investigates how the psychological reactance of restaurant consumers developed because of social, temporal, and spatial distancing measures during COVID-19. This study also explored ways in which the restaurant industry can increase its compliance with COVID-19 restrictions in such a situation. We explored the effects of social, temporal, and spatial distancing on psychological reactance. We also identified the moderating effect of lockdown restrictions, which strengthen the psychological reactance developed because of (a) social distancing, (b) temporal distancing, and (c) spatial distancing. We collected data from restaurant consumers in Lahore. This study applied quantitative techniques (i.e., a test of normality, measurement model assessment, structural model assessment, and common method variance). The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 25 and AMOS 24 and the results were interpreted and presented accordingly. This study added to the literature on psychological reactance, service management, and psychological distance. We could also help the restaurant industry overcome the challenges that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic and the closures. This study could assist the restaurant industry to understand consumer behavior and attract potential consumers.

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“…In the current study, we compared writing to past-self versus writing to future-self. Research has shown that writing to one’s future-self can have a positive impact on mental health and well-being ( Chishima et al, 2021 ; Schippers et al, 2023 ). However, the mental process behind well-being achieved by writing to one’s future-self and that achieved by writing to one’s past-self might be different.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the mental process behind well-being achieved by writing to one’s future-self and that achieved by writing to one’s past-self might be different. According to ( Chishima et al, 2021 ; Schippers et al, 2023 ), writing a letter to one’s future-self can clarify what one needs to work on to achieve one’s academic and career goals. In this sense, writing a letter to one’s future-self potentially creates anxious feelings by making oneself realize what is not sufficient for now, while writing a letter to one’s past-self comforts one’s feelings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Writing to your past-self can make you feel better

Sugimori,

Yamaguchi,

Kusumi

2024

Front. Psychol.

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Self-compassionate writing has been shown to be helpful for improving the mental state in some individuals. Here, we investigated how the writer’s attitude toward his/her past, present and future and the focus of the writing, i.e., social experience in the past versus self-experience, modulate these effects. In Experiment 1, 150 undergraduates wrote a compassionate letter to their past-self and to their future-self and responded to the Japanese version of the Adolescent Time Inventory–Time Attitudes (ATI-TA) questionnaire. Writing to past-self decreased negative feelings more than writing to future-self. Further, participants who had negative feelings toward their past, present, and future, as assessed by the ATI-TA, were more likely to be emotionally affected by writing a letter to their past-self. In Experiment 2, 31 undergraduates wrote a letter focusing on what they had experienced together with someone, and another 31 undergraduates wrote focusing on what they had experienced alone. Focusing on a social experience was more helpful for recovering from negative feelings than focusing on a self-experience. In conclusion, writing a compassionate letter to one’s past-self can improve mood, especially in individuals with a negative time attitude who focus their writing on a social connection.

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Temporal distancing during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Letter writing with future self can mitigate negative affect

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

Supportive evidence for the State Self-Compassion Scale using Japanese samples.

Supportive evidence for the State Self-Compassion Scale using Japanese samples.

Unveiling the effects of consumers' psychological distance on their reactance and related behavioral outcomes: Do lockdown restrictions matter?

Writing to your past-self can make you feel better

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