Temporal distribution and zoning of nitrate and fluoride concentrations in Behbahan drinking water distribution network and health risk assessment by using sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation

Badeenezhad, Ahmad; Darabi, Khadijeh; Heydari, Maryam; Amrane, Abdeltif; Ghelichi-Ghojogh, Mousa; Parseh, Iman; Darvishmotevalli, Mohammad; Azadbakht, Omid; Javanmardi, Parviz

doi:10.1080/03067319.2021.1903455

Cited by 25 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The same result was obtained by Badeenezhad et al. who reported that children were the significant at‐risk group due to elevated NO 3 – concentration found in Behbahan water distribution network (Badeenezhad et al., 2021). Similarly, a study by Chen et al.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Water quality indices appraisal and health risk assessment of nitrate, mercury and lead in water distribution network: A case study of Robat Karim in Tehran, Iran

Badihi

Jahangiri‐rad

Mahmoudkhani

et al. 2022

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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Groundwater is a basic source of drinking water supply for urban and rural areas. This is especially the case for communities located in arid and semi‐arid regions that rely on groundwater for drinking purposes. The present study set out to assess the potential health impacts of water impurities and to investigate the qualitative status of drinking water in Robat Karim rural areas, located in southwest Tehran, Iran. A total of 66 samples were collected from the water distribution network of 11 villages (33 sampling points, on two occasions) during September 2020 and were tested in terms of the most common quality parameters such as pH, mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chloride (Cl–), chlorate (ClO3–), nitrite (NO2–), nitrate (NO3–), and flouride (F–). Multiple methods and indexes including water quality index (WQI), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI), were worked out to assess the quality of water and health risk assessment of NO3– Pb2+ and Hg2+. The results revealed that 33% and 90% of sampling sites have significantly high nitrate and total hardness (TH) concentrations, exceeding the maximum permissible limits set by World Health Organization (WHO; 50 and 200 mg/L, respectively). Furthermore, five sampling points exhibited poor WQIs mainly related to NO3– and TH. HQ values higher than 1 for nitrate were noticed in most sampling locations. Except for one sampling point, the HQ obtained for Pb2+ and Hg2+ were below 1 indicating no obvious health hazard. This study represents that children and infants are at higher risk of chronic toxicity by excess NO3– intake. The health hazard that is yet imposed on the community by NO3– necessitates regular monitoring of drinking water, the use of advanced technologies to purify water or otherwise alternative resources should be proposed.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Water quality indices appraisal and health risk assessment of nitrate, mercury and lead in water distribution network: A case study of Robat Karim in Tehran, Iran

Badihi

Jahangiri‐rad

Mahmoudkhani

et al. 2022

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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“…The researchers reported that land-use changes in the study area, predominantly urban and residential developments, significantly affected the groundwater nitrate concentration and the degree of the associated health. In another study, children were found to be the significant at-risk group due to exposure to nitrate in drinking water in Behbahan (Badeenezhad et al 2021a ). Mortada and Shokeir ( 2018 ) found that nitrate levels in water samples of Mansoura city, Egypt, were within the acceptable limit, and the population’s health risk in these areas was also low.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the global concerns on water quality, multiple studies investigated the health risks of exposure to different pollutants through drinking water, both worldwide and in many parts of Iran (Mortada and Shokeir, 2018 ; Moeini and Azhdarpoor, 2021 ; Badeenezhad et al 2021a , b ; Mohammadpour et al 2022 ). In Iran, Moeini and Azhdarpoor ( 2021 ) reported that the health risks for Shiraz residents were higher than the threshold values in those locations with the groundwater nitrate concentration exceeding the WHO standard, potentially posing a higher risk to infants and children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrate in groundwater and agricultural products: intake and risk assessment in northeastern Iran

Zendehbad

Mostaghelchi

Mojganfar

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The suitability of groundwater and agricultural products for human consumption requires determining levels and assessing the health risks associated with potential pollutants. Here, particularly pollution with nitrate still remains a challenge, especially for those urban areas suffering from insufficient sewage collection systems, resulting in contaminating soil, endangering food safety, and deteriorating drinking water quality. In the present study, nitrate concentrations in the commonly consumed fruit and vegetable species were determined, and the results, together with the groundwater nitrate levels, were used to assess the associated health risks for Mashhad city residents. For this assessment, 261 water samples and 16 produce types were used to compute the daily intake of nitrate. Nitrate in groundwater was analyzed using a spectrophotometer, and produce species were examined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis was applied for categorizing produce samples with regard to their nitrate content. Additionally, to account for the sanitation hazards associated with groundwater quality for drinking purposes, total coliform and turbidity were also assessed using the membrane filter (MF) technique and a nephelometer, respectively. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the prescribed permissible limits in 42% of the groundwater wells. The outcomes also exhibit significantly higher nitrate accumulation levels in root-tuber vegetables and leafy vegetables compared to fruit vegetables and fruits. Using cluster analysis, the accumulation of nitrate in vegetables and fruits was categorized into four clusters, specifying that radish contributes to 65.8% of the total content of nitrate in all samples. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of nitrate and Health Risk Index (HRI) associated with consumption of groundwater exceeded the prescribed limit for the children’s target group in Mashhad’s south and central parts. Likewise, EDI and HRI values for produce consumption, in most samples, were found to be in the tolerable range, except for radish, lettuce, and cabbage, potentially posing risks for both children and adult consumers. The total coliforms in groundwater were found to violate the prescribed limit at 78.93% of the sampling locations and were generally much higher over the city’s central and southern areas. A relatively strong correlation (R2 = 0.6307) between total coliform and nitrate concentrations suggests the release of anthropogenic pollution (i.e., sewage and manure) in the central and southern Mashhad.

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“…In Badeenezhad et al’s study, nitrate HQ risk index value in Behbehban city network water for infants, children, teenagers, and adults was reported as 0.07, 0.5, 0.4, and 0.34 (Badeenezhad et al 2021 ). In another study that was carried out on the underground water resources of Bam, southeast Iran, HQ values in children and adults were less than 1 (Toolabi et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of water quality of Chahnimeh as natural reservoirs from Sistan region in southwestern Iran: a Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity assessment

Kamani

Hosseini

Mohebi

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Maintaining the water quality is essential because of the limitation of drinking water bodies and their significant effects on life. Recently, much scientific interest has been attracted to the ecological condition assessment of water resources. Because of numerous health issues connected to water quality, the present work aimed to define the water quality status of Chahnimeh reservoirs, Sistan and Baluchistan province, Iran via the Iran Water Quality Index (IRWQISC), the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI), and human risk assessment. This cross-sectional descriptive work was accomplished in 4 seasons in 2020. The samples were gathered from 5 various points of Chahnimeh reservoirs. This study led to the results that the NSFWQI index was between 29.4 to 49.32, which showed “bad” quality, and the IRWQI index was between 19.27 and 39.23, which indicated “bad” and “relatively bad” quality. The best water quality based on both indexes was observed in the spring, and the worst was in the fall and summer. The highest value of HQ related to nitrate in drinking water was 1.60 in the group of children. However, according to the Monte Carlo simulation, HQ95% was estimated as 1.29. The Sobol sensitivity analysis of the first-order effect showed that daily water’s daily ingestion rate (IR) was the most sensitive input. In addition, the value of the second-order effect indicated that the interaction effect of concentration—ingestion rate was the most sensitive input parameter for HQ. Therefore, regular monitoring is necessary to ensure water safety for human consumption.

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Temporal distribution and zoning of nitrate and fluoride concentrations in Behbahan drinking water distribution network and health risk assessment by using sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation

Cited by 25 publications

References 54 publications

Water quality indices appraisal and health risk assessment of nitrate, mercury and lead in water distribution network: A case study of Robat Karim in Tehran, Iran

Water quality indices appraisal and health risk assessment of nitrate, mercury and lead in water distribution network: A case study of Robat Karim in Tehran, Iran

Nitrate in groundwater and agricultural products: intake and risk assessment in northeastern Iran

Evaluation of water quality of Chahnimeh as natural reservoirs from Sistan region in southwestern Iran: a Monte Carlo simulation and Sobol sensitivity assessment

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