“…The Stroke Prognosis Instrument‐II (SPI‐II) and the Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS) are two widely utilized models for long‐term risk prediction (Mohan et al., 2011), which mainly include traditional cardiocerebrovascular risk factors (age, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, and prior stroke). Over the past 20 years since the ESRS and SPI‐II models were developed, the incidence and recurrence rates of stroke have declined as a result of new treatments and risk factor modification that emphasize secondary prevention (Carandang et al., 2006; Koton et al., 2020; Menon et al., 2015; Yeo & Yau, 2019). It is worth noting that some patients who have received the guideline recommended prevention measures still have a high residual risk of subsequent stroke (Ji et al., 2013; Ridker, 2016).…”