Temporal Variation of Chemical Composition of Rainwater during Individual Precipitation Events

Kins, L.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7864-5_10

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Precipitation in its early stage of development contains significantly higher amounts of trace substances. Kins (1982) came to the same conclusion when studying middle European rain. Studies by Seymour et al (1983) in the U.S. also support this finding.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Rainwater composition over a rural area with special emphasis on the size distribution of insoluble particulate matter

Schütz

Krämer

1987

J Atmos Chem

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The rainwater composition in the vicinity of Mainz, FRG, has been investigated with special emphasis on insoluble constituents. The number size distribution was determined in the range from 0.1 p_m up to 100 ~m radius. For particles with r>0.5 lain radius the shape of the size distribution of insoluble particles in rain follows the shape of the average urban and rural aerosol. In this particular size range no major size selective removal processes could be seen, For r<0.5 ~tm the number size distribution tends to flatten compared to the average aerosol. This might be the indication of a size selective removal process (Greenfield Gap's.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Rainwater composition over a rural area with special emphasis on the size distribution of insoluble particulate matter

Schütz

Krämer

1987

J Atmos Chem

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“…7c, [ZIR,z=o in these cases reaches a maximum value soon after the onset of precipitation, then decreases and eventually reaches a fairly constant value towards the end of the calculation. It is interesting to note that this model-calculated trend in is qualititatively consistent with observations in that sequential sampling and analysis of rainwater reaching the earth's surface during a single storm generally reveals a similar trend in the concentrations of highly soluble species and particles (c.f., Dingle and Gatz, 1966;Kins, 1982;Zika et al, 1982).…”

Section: Removal Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The removal of soluble species by warm stratiform clouds

QIN,

CHAMEIDES

1986

Tellus B

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A one-dimensional, time-dependent model has been developed to study the removal of soluble gases from a warm, precipitating stratiform cloud. The model calculates the distributions of water vapor and condensed water, in the form of cloud drops and raindrops, as well as the incloud concentration of a soluble species in the gas and aqueous phases for a specified profile of pressure and temperature and an assumed updraft velocity. Highly soluble gases are found to be rapidly dissolved into cloud droplets and then slowly incorporated into raindrops as cloudwater is converted to rainwater. As this rainwater begins to fall out of the cloud, the total in-cloud abundance of highly soluble species rapidly decreases, causing the rate of removal of the species from the cloud to also decrease. The rate of removal of highly soluble species continues to decrease until a balance between loss via rainout and transport of new material into the cloud is reached, and an approximate steady state is established. Thus the rainout rate for highly soluble species is found to be ultimately limited by the rate at which new gaseous material can be transferred from the cloud-free air into the cloud. The model calculations indicate that turbulence represents an important mechanism by which highly soluble gases are transported into strati form clouds and thus the calculated rate of removal of highly soluble species from these types of clouds is dependent on the parameterization chosen to simulate this process

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“…The latter behaviour is typical of virtually all other observations of this type reported in the literature and can be taken to be a general characteristic of in-cloud/sub-cloud scavenging processes. (Junge, 1963;Dawson, 1978;Lindberg, 1982;Kins, 1982). However, the increase in hydrogen ion concentration and SUM with increase in h is unusual.…”

Section: Regression Analysis (A) Precursor Gasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some observations on the acidity and composition of rainwater in Sydney, Australia, during the summer of 1980?81

Ayers

Gillett

1984

J Atmos Chem

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During the summer of 1980-81, a rudimentary form of wet-only event sampling was employed to collect a total of 294 rainwater samples at 12 sites spread across the metropolitan region of Sydney, Australia's largest city. From the samples were determined conductivity, pH, ammonium, chloride and nitrate ion concentrations as well as deposited water volume. Supplementary data consisting of city-wide averaged SO2, NO2, NO, and 03 concentrations and 950 mb wind speed and direction were obtained for times coinciding with the period during which each event occurred.The pH of rainwater upwind of the city and unaffected by urban/industrial emissions was found to be usually ~ 5, whereas the volume-weighted mean pH of all the metropolitan samples was 4.4, indicating that local emissions significantly increased rainwater acidity in the near field. Time available for conversion of precursors to acids averaged 1-2 h only.Considerable day-to-day variability in rainwater composition was observed. Factors identified as contributing to this variability included precursor gas concentration, wind speed, wind direction, amount of water deposited per event and possibly time of day. These results show that physical/ meteorological factors cannot be excluded from consideration if variance in rainwater composition data is to be explained.

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Temporal Variation of Chemical Composition of Rainwater during Individual Precipitation Events

Cited by 18 publications

References 5 publications

Rainwater composition over a rural area with special emphasis on the size distribution of insoluble particulate matter

Rainwater composition over a rural area with special emphasis on the size distribution of insoluble particulate matter

The removal of soluble species by warm stratiform clouds

Some observations on the acidity and composition of rainwater in Sydney, Australia, during the summer of 1980?81

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