“…The memento mori with the image of the skull appeared in religious representations of saints meditating or praying (Saint Jerome and Mary Magdalene) 4 as well as in secular portraits and still-life paintings. These type of secular representations created two new genres called "vanitas portraits and vanitas still-lifes", which were very popular in images of the 17th century in Dutch art (Adams, 2013;Kelly, 2006;Alpers, 1984;Segal, 1989;Chong, 1999) 5 . While the skull was the most obvious reminder of mortality in this form of vanitas portraits and still-lifes, other symbols, such as mirrors, musical instruments, butterflies, flowers and insects, or a snuffed-out candle, also testified to the omnipresence of death (Schama, 1987) 6 .…”