Temporomandibular Disorders: Current Diagnosis and Treatment Methods

Abstract

The term temporomandibular disorders is used as a collective term for a group of musculoskeletal disorders that involve pain dysfunction in the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joints, and related structures. Patients with temporomandibular disorders usually present to clinics with pain, limitation, and noise in jaw movement. While clinical examination is considered the most important process in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders, imaging methods selected according to the cases, are also considered important aids in diagnosis. The use of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders is also becoming increasingly common. Current studies on this subject recommend the use of deep learning models to facilitate diagnosis and increase diagnostic accuracy. The etiology of temporomandibular disorders is quite complex and multifactorial. Due to this complex etiology, current studies support conservative multidisciplinary treatment methods including behavioral therapy, physical therapy, and pharmacotherapy. The role of osteotomy in the treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders is also very important. It is also stated that temporomandibular joint dysfunctions decrease after osteotomies such as sagittal splint osteotomy, which corrects occlusion disorders. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the latest developments in the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of temporomandibular disorders.