Ten-year atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score and its components among an Iranian population: a cohort-based cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) continues to be the first cause of mortality globally. Effective preventive strategies require focused efforts to clarify ASCVD risk factors in different subgroups of a population. This study aimed to identify individuals at higher risk of ASCVD among Shiraz University employees to guide decision-making for primary prevention. Methods This cohort-based cross-sectional study was conducted on data of 1191 participants (25–70 years old) from Shiraz University employees selected by systematic random sampling. The 10-year ASCVD risk was calculated with an ASCVD risk score estimator developed by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA). To analyze the data, descriptive and chi-square tests were used. All statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS version 16.0 software. The p-value < 0.05 was considered a significant level. Results This study demonstrated that 75.3% of the participants had low risk scores, whereas 13.2% and 2.5% of them had intermediate and high risk scores, respectively. Additionally, it revealed that among women 93.7%, 2.7%, and 0.6% had low intermediate and had high risk scores, respectively, whereas among men, 61.5%, 21.1%, and 3.9% had low intermediate and high risk scores, respectively. Based on the results of the chi-square test, men were significantly more prone to ASCVD (38.5%) than women (6.3%) were. Interestingly, 40.9% of known cases of hypertension had uncontrolled blood pressure, and 62.5% of individuals without any history of hypertension, who were considered new cases of hypertension, had abnormal blood pressure. Furthermore, 38.5% of diabetic patients and 1.6% of people who did not have a history of diabetes had abnormal serum fasting blood sugar. Conclusion It was revealed that nearly 15.7% of participants were at intermediate and high risk of developing ASCVD in the next 10 years with greater risk in men. Considerably, some of hypertensive and diabetic participants had uncontrolled blood pressure and blood sugar levels, respectively. New cases of diabetes and hypertension were also recognized in our study. Therefore, to address the primary prevention of ASCVD in this population, it is necessary to have plans for targeted interventions, which can be effective in modifying their risk factors.

Effectiveness of a hypertension management protocol in rural Haitian adults and pregnant women

“…While there was a statistically significant decrease in DBP of 0·70 mmHg in the multilevel models, the clinical significance of that decrease is minimal because most manual sphygmomanometers are not sensitive enough to detect small BP changes [ 26 , 27 ]. Since hypertension and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic diseases such as myocardial infarctions, strokes, and coronary artery disease, effective antihypertensive treatments are vital to reduce morbidity and mortality [ 1 , 8 , 10 , 28 ]. In the Medical Station, protocol adherence was low, with only 33·2% of indicated individuals receiving a second BP check.…”

“…Another risk factor for hypertension in the Haitian population is a high salt diet which can be as high as 35 g per person per day [ [7] , [8] , [9] ]. Hypertension predisposes individuals to atherosclerotic, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases and pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and eclampsia [ 1 , 10 ]. Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of death in Haiti, with rates even higher than infectious diseases, including HIV-related deaths [ 11 , 12 ].…”

“…In collaboration with its sister organization in Haiti, Inisyativ Sante Peyzan (ISAP), they developed the Timo Protocol for Hypertension Management (TIP—H) for people living in and around the rural community of Timo, a remote and mountainous area in Haiti without access to essential health services [ 23 ]. The TIP-H focused on adults over 40 years and older because of the high prevalence of hypertension in this age group [ [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] ] and known complications in pregnancy [ 1 , 10 ]. It was implemented during biannual outreach clinics lasting one week in the spring and fall seasons.…”

Risk of Cardiovascular Disease according to Baseline Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level in Different Age Groups in Korean Diabetes Population: A Cohort Study

“…Factors such as age, sex, and ethnicity are considered nonmodifiable risk factors. In contrast, diabetes mellitus (DM), abnormal cholesterol level, and elevated blood pressure are manageable risk factors [2].…”

Advances in the Bioactivities of Phytochemical Saponins in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis

“…Around 20 million people worldwide die from atherosclerotic disease each year. CVDs is now the leading cause of global death and mortality is estimated to increase to about 23.6 million by 2030 [ 2 ].…”