Ten-year incidence of elevated blood pressure and its predictors: The CARDIA Study

Dyer, Alan R.; Liu, K.; Walsh, Mary F.; Kiefe, Catarina I.; Jacobs, David R.; Bild, Diane E.

doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1000740

Cited by 220 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…The higher incidence of hypertension in blacks compared with whites in the current study is consistent with previous cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16. In a previous analysis of the CARDIA study, 10‐year incidence of hypertension was 16.4% in black men, 13.1% in black women, 7.8% in white men, and 3.2% in white women 3.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In a previous analysis of the CARDIA study, 10‐year incidence of hypertension was 16.4% in black men, 13.1% in black women, 7.8% in white men, and 3.2% in white women 3. Additionally, in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow‐up Study, 10‐year incidence of hypertension in blacks was more than 2 times higher than that of whites 16.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…There is evidence that blacks have higher blood pressure (BP) levels and increased risk for hypertension compared with whites beginning in childhood 1, 2, 3. Cross‐sectional studies using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) have consistently reported a higher prevalence of hypertension in blacks compared with whites beginning at a young age 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cumulative Incidence of Hypertension by 55 Years of Age in Blacks and Whites: The CARDIA Study

Thomas

Booth

Dai

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundBlacks have higher blood pressure levels compared with whites beginning in childhood. Few data are available on racial differences in the incidence of hypertension from young adulthood through middle age.Methods and ResultsWe calculated the cumulative incidence of hypertension from age 18 to 55 years among participants in the CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study. Incident hypertension was defined by the first visit with mean systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg, mean diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg, or self‐reported use of antihypertensive medication. Among 3890 participants without hypertension at baseline (aged 18–30 years), cumulative incidence of hypertension by age 55 years was 75.5%, 75.7%, 54.5%, and 40.0% in black men, black women, white men, and white women, respectively. Among participants with systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure <110 and 70, 110 to 119/70 to 74, and 120 to 129/75 to 79 mm Hg at baseline, blacks were more likely than whites to develop hypertension: multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios 1.97 (95% confidence interval, 1.65, 2.35), 1.80 (95% confidence interval, 1.52, 2.14), and 1.59 (95% confidence interval, 1.31, 1.93), respectively. Parental history of hypertension and higher body mass index, serum uric acid, and systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure categories were associated with a higher risk for hypertension among blacks and whites. A higher Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet adherence score was associated with a lower risk for hypertension in blacks and whites.ConclusionsRegardless of blood pressure level in young adulthood, blacks have a substantially higher risk for hypertension compared with whites through 55 years of age.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cumulative Incidence of Hypertension by 55 Years of Age in Blacks and Whites: The CARDIA Study

Thomas

Booth

Dai

et al. 2018

JAHA

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“…This observation is significant considering the fact that the black population is more susceptible to the development of hypertension. 6 Our results are in consistence with findings from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study as well as the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study 6,25 signifying a stronger UA-blood pressure relationship in the black population. These findings are imperative for future health consequences regarding African men, especially for developing countries such as South Africa.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Uric acid and the cardiovascular profile of African and Caucasian men

2010

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The African population is considered a high-risk group for the development of hypertension, and identifying risk factors are therefore essential in preventive actions against cardiovascular disease (CVD). Elevated levels of uric acid (UA) are often associated with CVD. Our first aim was to establish possible ethnic differences in UA levels between African and Caucasian men. Our second aim was to determine any associations between UA levels and cardio-metabolic variables, and also how these correlates differ between the two groups. African (N ¼ 87) and Caucasian (N ¼ 121) men participated in this cross-sectional study. Our results have shown that African men had significantly lower (353±87.7 vs 401 ± 98.2; Po0.01) UA levels compared with Caucasian men. Waist circumference and triglycerides correlated strongly with UA in both ethnic groups. This was confirmed with a forward stepwise multiple regression analysis. After adjustment for confounders, the correlation between UA and triglycerides remained significant only in the Caucasians (r ¼ 0.29; P ¼ 0.02), whereas only the African men showed an independent correlation between UA and total peripheral resistance (TPR) (r ¼ 0.23; P ¼ 0.04). TPR increased significantly across UA tertiles only in the African men (P ¼ 0.01 vs P ¼ 0.96).In conclusion, despite their lower UA levels, Africans showed an independent relationship between UA and vascular resistance, indicating a possible explanation for their high prevalence of hypertension.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Correspondingly, the CAR-DIA and Western Electric prospective studies found that people with less educational attainment at baseline experienced greater BP increase over the ensuing years. 14,15 Little information is available on factors accounting for these findings. In 1992, the INTERSALT Study, involving 52 population samples in 32 countries worldwide, reported this inverse association in women for 38 samples and in men for 28 samples.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher blood pressure in middle-aged American adults with less education—role of multiple dietary factors: The INTERMAP Study

et al. 2003

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Extensive evidence exists that an inverse relation between education and blood pressure prevails in many adult populations, but little research has been carried out on reasons for this finding. A prior goal of the INTERMAP Study was to investigate this phenomenon further, and to assess the role of dietary factors in accounting for it. Of the 4680 men and women aged 40-59 years, from 17 diverse population samples in Japan, People's Republic of China, UK, and USA, a strong significant inverse education-BP relation was manifest particularly for the 2195 USA participants, independent of ethnicity. With participants stratified by years of education, and assessment of 100+ dietary variables from four 24-h dietary recalls and two 24-h urine collections/person, graded relationships were found between education and intake of many macro-and micronutrients, electrolytes, fibre, and body mass index (BMI). In multiple linear regression analyses with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) of individuals the dependent variables (controlled for ethnicity, other possible nondietary confounders), BMI markedly reduced size of education-BP relations, more so for women than for men. Several nutrients considered singly further decreased size of this association by X10%: urinary 24-h Na and K excretion, Keys dietary lipid score, vegetable protein, fibre, vitamins C and B 6 , thiamin, riboflavin, folate, calcium, magnesium, and iron. Combinations of these dietary variables and BMI attenuated the education-SBP inverse coefficient by 54-58%, and the education-DBP inverse coefficient by 59-67%, with over half these effects attributable to specific nutrients (independent of BMI). As a result, the inverse education-BP coefficients ceased to be statistically significant. Multiple specific dietary factors together with body mass largely account for the more adverse BP levels of less educated than more educated Americans. Special efforts to improve eating patterns of less educated strata can contribute importantly to overcoming this and related health disparities in the population.

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Ten-year incidence of elevated blood pressure and its predictors: The CARDIA Study

Cited by 220 publications

References 55 publications

Cumulative Incidence of Hypertension by 55 Years of Age in Blacks and Whites: The CARDIA Study

Cumulative Incidence of Hypertension by 55 Years of Age in Blacks and Whites: The CARDIA Study

Uric acid and the cardiovascular profile of African and Caucasian men

Higher blood pressure in middle-aged American adults with less education—role of multiple dietary factors: The INTERMAP Study

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